Bach (Acorus Calamus) Essay

Bach or Sweet banner is thought to have begun in Central Asia and most likely indigenous to India, discovered regular in regions that encompass the Himalayas. Because of development, it has spread all through the globe, found across Europe, in southern Russia, northern Asia Minor, southern Siberia, China, Japan, Burma, Sri Lanka, Australia, just as southern Canada and northern USA. Calamus has for some time been an image of male love. The name is related with a Greek legend on Kalamos, child of the stream god Maeander. In Japan, the plant is an image of the samurai’s fortitude in light of its sharp blade like leaves. Teton-Dakota warriors bit the root to a glue, which they scoured on their countenances. It forestalled energy and dread when confronting a foe. In Penobscot homes, the root was cut and hung up. Steaming it all through the house is thought to fix ailment. have additionally been utilized as a cover for rooftops. Food and Flavoring: A fundamental oil from the rhizome is utilized in perfumery and as food enhancing, it has an aroma suggestive of patchouli oil. A basic oil got from the leaves is utilized in perfumery and for making sweet-smelling vinegars. Bug repellent: The basic oil is likewise a bug repellent and bug spray. It is effe c t I ve a ga I n st houseflies. When added to rice being put away in storehouses it has altogether diminished misfortune brought about by creepy crawly harm on the grounds that the oil in the root has disinfected the male rice weevils. All pieces of plant can be dried and used to repulse creepy crawlies or to aroma material pantries. Incense: The leaves and the roots have reviving fragrance of cinnamon. They can likewise be singed as incense. Medication: In Ayurvedic arrangement of medication, the rhizomes of Sweet banner are considered to have hostile to fitful, carminative and anthelmintic properties and have been utilized for various useful reasons. Vacha is considered as a ‘sattvic’ herb which takes care of and transmutes the sexual ‘kundalini’ vitality. It is structures a mainstream solution for hack and cold and furthermore the other respiratory issue like bronchitis. In crude structure it is utilized as hack capsule. Sweet banner gives help to the stomach related framework and acts against pompous colic, dyspepsia, and regurgitating. Acorus calamus discourages focal sensory system and is a notable fixing in definition for psycho-physical scatters like epilepsy. The fumes of Sweet banner repulse a few creepy crawlies. THE PLANT Sweet banner is a lasting, semi-oceanic and rancid plant, found in both calm and sub mild zones. It is up to 2m tall, sweet-smelling, blade formed leaves and little, yellow/green blossoms with stretched rhizome. Plants once in a while blossom or set natural product, yet when they do, the blossoms are 3-8 cm long, tube shaped fit as a fiddle, greenish earthy colored and canvassed in a huge number of adjusted spikes. The organic products are little and berry-like, containing hardly any seeds. Development It’s a tough plant discovered developing from tropical to sub-tropical atmospheres. A lot of daylight ought to be accessible to the plant during its development and in the wake of reaping for drying the rhizomes. This species comes up well in clayey topsoils, sandy soils and light alluvial soils of waterway banks. The land ought to be furrowed twice or threefold preceding the beginning of downpours. Acorus is engendered through rhizomes got from before planting. The best an ideal opportunity for planting is the second fortnight of June. The waterway or channel bank where the land is immersed with water is entirely reasonable for its development. Ideal weeding and hoeing to control the spread of weeds and to acquire great yield is fundamental. After each weeding the developing plants are pushed down into the dirt. Following 6-8 months, in December, the lower leaves turn yellow and dry showing their development. The field ought to be mostly dried just leaving adequate dampness for removing the plant. The evacuated rhizome is cleaned in the wake of washing with water and cut into size and sinewy roots expelled. The cut rhizomes are dried by spreading under the shade with the goal that the measure of oil present in it isn't hurt. Exchange AND COMMERCE Sweet banner has been a thing of exchange numerous societies for a large number of years. Sweet banner structures a helpful aide to different tonics and energizers. Its local interest is very huge. As the creation is substantially less in India, the inward market itself is exceptionally potential. Shippers, purchasers inside the nation, processors, conventional experts, Ayurvedic and Siddha tranquilize makers crowd the business sectors for acquirement of this plant each year.

Interview Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Meeting Project - Essay Example Thus, the hireling chief offers his capacity with the individuals and puts the necessities of the individuals first and encourages his subordinates to completely build up their possibilities. The worker chief hence sees himself/herself as a hireling of the individuals commanded by the individuals to lead them and to assist them with exploiting their possibilities and have the option to accomplish their objectives throughout everyday life. This paper is an Interview venture blend. The paper is made out of two sections. The initial segment is the rundown of the meeting on worker administration that was done on Moses Charlton, director of a Catholic area committee situated in Dallas Texas, while the subsequent part is an assessment of what has been realized in the meeting, and a blend of this data into an individual way of thinking of authority. Proficient Background of the interviewee The interviewee said that he is a prepared human asset administrator. He said that he has a masterâ₠¬â„¢s certificate in human asset the board. He likewise said that he has gone to different seminars on authority in the Catholic church and he is along these lines knowledgeable with administration in the congregation. On his involvement with authority, the interviewee said that he has filled in as a human asset administrator in different organizations for a time of thirty years, before his retirement. Mr Charlton hence said that he has broad information on authority both in the collaborate world and furthermore in the congregation. Charlton’s obligations as the director of Catholic Parish board in Dallas Texas As the executive of area gathering, Mr. Charlton is as a matter of first importance, the leader of the ward committee and he is the person who seats all the gatherings of the area board in the ward. Charlton likewise is responsible for all advancement extends in the ward; he administers all the improvement extends in the area. Mr Charlton additionally is the facilitato r of the considerable number of exercises in the ward, and he is in this manner ordered to guarantee that all the exercises in the area run easily as per the program of the area. Charlton’s Philosophy of Leadership On his way of thinking of initiative, Charlton said that he is a worker head. Furthermore, when I asked him what he comprehends the hireling administration to be, he said that, worker authority is a style of initiative whereby the pioneer sees himself not as the ace or as the manager of the individuals, but instead as the hireling, the steward, or the shepherd of the individuals. Charlton proceeded to state that the core value of worker administration is to treat individuals not just as intends to accomplish some goal, but instead to consider the to be as the extremely objective or the objective of initiative. He proceeded to clarify that, in spite of the fact that in authority making benefits for the association is obviously one of the objectives of initiative, fi nancial benefits anyway ought not be made to the detriment of the lives of the individuals/laborers. He said that for him, the essential target of initiative is to engage his subordinates and to guarantee that they are satisfied and to guarantee that he has given them helpful condition and intends to completely misuse their possibilities. He proceeded to contend that, in spite of the fact that at quick look worker initiative may seen as an authority style that will prompt monstrous misfortunes in the association, hireling administration really prompts making an association fruitful

How a math challenge can teach more than just math

How a math challenge can teach more than just math Students celebrate at the LearnStorm finals (photograph by Andrew Weeks).Sherry*, a 5th grade student, didn’t want to come to Google. For months she’d been working hard on LearnStorm, the Khan Academy math challenge, and had earned a top spot on the leaderboards. For weeks our team had been working with Google to build the most epic final award celebration we could devise. We asked her teacher, Jen Ellison, what was up and the response was heartbreaking:“I dont ride in cars much.”Ms. Ellison said Sherry’s response reminded her of the crippling effects of poverty. Sherry is ten years old. She doesn’t often leave her neighborhood. “Driving an hour away might as well be the moon.”The thing is, this kind of self-limiting thinking is not only a problem for kids from underserved neighborhoods: most people are held back in some way by their mindset. Last year Edelman-Berland helped us do a poll that showed that the majority of people think their intelligence level is fixed. The research shows not only that this is inaccurate, but also that when students think this way, their test scores suffer, and they are less likely to take on the learning challenges that will set them up for future success.We designed LearnStorm as a direct attack on these ways of thinking. We knew that to be truly impactful we would need to create a hands-on way to practice positive learning mindsets. Could we design a math challenge that taught a lot more than just math? We launched LearnStorm in the Bay Area as a pilot. Based on what we’d learned from other math competitions, we aimed to reach at least one percent of students in grades 3-12, which is about 13,000. Three months later, over 73,000 students from about 1,600 Bay Area schools have participated in LearnStorm. They’ve earned points and prizes not only for mastering math skills but also for showing “hustle,” a metric we created to measure grit, perseverance, and growth. They competed over 200,000 hours of learni ng and 13.6 million standards-aligned math problems. In addition, thanks to the generosity of Google.org, DonorsChoose.org, and Comcast’s Internet Essentials, 34 underserved schools unlocked new devices for their classrooms and free home internet service for eligible families, increasing student access to online learning tools like Khan Academy.Bella Vista Elementary, one of the 34 schools that earned new devices for its classrooms through LearnStormOn Saturday, we invited the LearnStorm students who mastered the most math and showed the most hustle to a finals celebration on the Google campus. These students competed in individual and team challenges and earned educational prizes from organizations such as the Exploratorium, Ardusat, the Lawrence Hall of Science, the Tech Museum of Innovation, the California Academy of Sciences, NASA, NASCAR, and the San Francisco 49ers. Thanks to the efforts of her teacher, Ms. Ellison, Sherry was there. Thanks to her grit, determination and gro wth in math, she earned a prize and was celebrated by 300 of her peers from across the Bay Area at the heart of Google. As Ms. Ellison put it:“LearnStorm taught us about hope, endurance and grit It taught us to encourage one another because everyone struggles. It taught us that you can learn anything. It taught us that we are capable of more than we can imagine…. Oh, and we learned some math, too.”Teacher Jen Ellison tells Sal her school’s story (photograph by Andrew Weeks).At Khan Academy we’ve been inspired by Sherry and all the participants, volunteers, teachers and parents who made this LearnStorm pilot such a success. We’re working with the same hustle, grit and determination to make LearnStorm bigger and better. So stay tuned for updates later this year!- James Tynan, Adoption Lead

How a math challenge can teach more than just math

How a math challenge can teach more than just math Students celebrate at the LearnStorm finals (photograph by Andrew Weeks).Sherry*, a 5th grade student, didn’t want to come to Google. For months she’d been working hard on LearnStorm, the Khan Academy math challenge, and had earned a top spot on the leaderboards. For weeks our team had been working with Google to build the most epic final award celebration we could devise. We asked her teacher, Jen Ellison, what was up and the response was heartbreaking:“I dont ride in cars much.”Ms. Ellison said Sherry’s response reminded her of the crippling effects of poverty. Sherry is ten years old. She doesn’t often leave her neighborhood. “Driving an hour away might as well be the moon.”The thing is, this kind of self-limiting thinking is not only a problem for kids from underserved neighborhoods: most people are held back in some way by their mindset. Last year Edelman-Berland helped us do a poll that showed that the majority of people think their intelligence level is fixed. The research shows not only that this is inaccurate, but also that when students think this way, their test scores suffer, and they are less likely to take on the learning challenges that will set them up for future success.We designed LearnStorm as a direct attack on these ways of thinking. We knew that to be truly impactful we would need to create a hands-on way to practice positive learning mindsets. Could we design a math challenge that taught a lot more than just math? We launched LearnStorm in the Bay Area as a pilot. Based on what we’d learned from other math competitions, we aimed to reach at least one percent of students in grades 3-12, which is about 13,000. Three months later, over 73,000 students from about 1,600 Bay Area schools have participated in LearnStorm. They’ve earned points and prizes not only for mastering math skills but also for showing “hustle,” a metric we created to measure grit, perseverance, and growth. They competed over 200,000 hours of learni ng and 13.6 million standards-aligned math problems. In addition, thanks to the generosity of Google.org, DonorsChoose.org, and Comcast’s Internet Essentials, 34 underserved schools unlocked new devices for their classrooms and free home internet service for eligible families, increasing student access to online learning tools like Khan Academy.Bella Vista Elementary, one of the 34 schools that earned new devices for its classrooms through LearnStormOn Saturday, we invited the LearnStorm students who mastered the most math and showed the most hustle to a finals celebration on the Google campus. These students competed in individual and team challenges and earned educational prizes from organizations such as the Exploratorium, Ardusat, the Lawrence Hall of Science, the Tech Museum of Innovation, the California Academy of Sciences, NASA, NASCAR, and the San Francisco 49ers. Thanks to the efforts of her teacher, Ms. Ellison, Sherry was there. Thanks to her grit, determination and gro wth in math, she earned a prize and was celebrated by 300 of her peers from across the Bay Area at the heart of Google. As Ms. Ellison put it:“LearnStorm taught us about hope, endurance and grit It taught us to encourage one another because everyone struggles. It taught us that you can learn anything. It taught us that we are capable of more than we can imagine…. Oh, and we learned some math, too.”Teacher Jen Ellison tells Sal her school’s story (photograph by Andrew Weeks).At Khan Academy we’ve been inspired by Sherry and all the participants, volunteers, teachers and parents who made this LearnStorm pilot such a success. We’re working with the same hustle, grit and determination to make LearnStorm bigger and better. So stay tuned for updates later this year!- James Tynan, Adoption Lead

The Basic Moral Standard Is Human Welfare - 975 Words

The basic moral standard is human welfare. Specifically, my welfare and the welfare of others. Each classical moral theory has propose human welfare. Some theories completely focus on motives while others completely focus on rules or acts. However, each classical ethical theory alone cannot provide a plausible guideline for impartial human welfare without controversy. Multiple-strategies utilitarianism theory is the most suitable because it provides various strategies for general welfare. The multiple-strategies utilitarianism promotes the â€Å"best plan† for moral thinking based on the individual. My best plan would contain a combination of motives, virtues, and â€Å"methods of decision making† that would allow myself to be happy and contribute†¦show more content†¦Nonetheless, the amount of concern for happiness for my patients would be on a different than the concern I have for loved one.My motive for the concern of patients and loved ones, such as family and friends, is loyalty because they mean more to me. Utilitarianism is more about how people are feeling, but Social Contract theory is more about a person’s well-being. Social contract theory is better than rule utilitarianism because there is not one concept of what is good. This theory allows people to agree on a contract that they believe will pursue welfare. This contract contains rules to govern our behavior. Rational individuals would acknowledge the rules on the condition that others will acknowledge them as well. Social contract theory transforms a society from a state of nature to a state of law.This theory supports civil rights as well as civil disobedience. The rules would have to be fair for me to obey them. My social role as a psychologist will require me to follow a code of conduct with my patients. Some of these rules will require confidentiality and accountably. My social roles as a friend, sister, daughter,and niece will require me to honest and loyal. My social role as a U.S. citizen is to not harm others so that in return I can survive. These are the qualities that I would expect from others as well. Social contract theory is not accountable for those who do not participant in the contract. Components of Kant’s theory, in my best plan, regard for

The Christian Of A Christian Marriage - 955 Words

A Christian marriage sets a positive example by conducting oneself in a manner worthy of Christ. Our attitude shows who we are on the inside. 1 Peter 3:1-2 declares: â€Å"Wives†¦if any of them do not believe the word, they may be won over without words by the behavior of their wives, when they see the purity and reverence of their lives† (NIV). God wants us to exemplify him. God doesn’t try and change us against our own will. We have to want to change for ourselves. In marriage, Borys said a great quote: â€Å"Your growth cannot be dependent upon your spouse taking the same step, at the same time, as you† (124). Acceptance of your spouse is the â€Å"absence of rejection,† which is critical for any marriage to survive (Hawkins 36). Accepting your spouse means loving them in spite of what they think, feel, or do. It is a commitment of love to your spouse that was promised when you got married. Vows aren’t meant to be just for show, but upheld a s a daily commitment. You can’t change a person against their own will, but conducting yourself in a manner worthy of Christ will set a positive example. Communication is key to any relationship or marriage. As said by Dwight Small, â€Å"The heart of marriage is its communication system†¦It is†¦something to be continually cultivated through all of the experiences of their shared life† (11,16). Talking, listening, and understanding are all involved in the process of communication. Good communication means be able to speak to your spouse in a love languageShow MoreRelatedEssay on Christian Marriage1487 Words   |  6 PagesChristian Marriage Introduction and background. Christian Marriage, also called Matrimony is a sacrament in which a man and a woman publicly declare their love and fidelity in front of witnesses, a priest or minister and God. The It is seen by all Christian churches as both a physical and spiritual fulfillment. Christianity emphasises that the sacrament of Holy Matrimony is a lifetime commitment. So they are no longer two, but one. Therefore, what God has joined together, let no one separateRead MoreThe Catholic And Christian Marriages905 Words   |  4 PagesCatholic and Christian marriages are very different in today’s society compared to many years ago. A traditional marriage is viewed differently in many ways, some of these changes are because of society. Such as many people do not view divorce as such a horrible act anymore, marriage is no longer just between a man and a woman, and many people find themselves getting married for the wrong reasons. Since these many changes have taken place the Christian and Catholic c hurches have converted many rulesRead MoreEssay on Christians and Marriage1997 Words   |  8 PagesChristians and Marriage Bibliography = Religions (Myrtle Langley) = Beliefs, Values and Traditions (Ann Lovelace Joy White) = WGGS Resource Sheet = WGGS Notes = Daily Express November 2000 = Milestones (Celia Collinson Campbell Miller) = From the Cradle (Kevin ODonnell) = www.religioustolerance.org = www.bbc.co.uk a) Describe and explain the Christians teaching about marriage (be sure to include Biblical evidence)Read MoreChristian Marriage and Family2989 Words   |  12 PagesChristian Marriage Family Counseling Diana Carpenter Course: CC-540 August 29, 2008 Vision Int’l University â€Å"Liberty† Doctorate Program Book: THE HAPPY FAMILY Restoring the Moral Structure of the Family By: Guillermo Maldonado Introduction: As I read this book, my heart was pounding stronger than normal. I believe everything it saysRead MoreA Christian Same Sex Marriage2087 Words   |  9 PagesAs a Christian same sex marriage is not a challenging subject to discuss from a biblical perspective. I accept as true what the bible said; that marriage is for a man and a woman and not anything else besides that. With that said, same sex marriage became an arduous topic to discuss once I put my Christian principles aside. For now I have to ignore what I believe and look at the situation from a third person, impartial view. I wanted to challenge myself on the issue of same sex marriage from aRead MoreChristian fidelity in marriage Fidelity, in the Christian viewpoint, is the strict fulfillment of1100 Words   |  5 PagesChristian fidelity in marriage Fidelity, in the Christian viewpoint, is the strict fulfillment of vows and duties or conjugal faithfulness. This definition seems uncomplicated, but to practice fidelity in a relationship, specifically marriage, is a commitment that many people would not comprehend in its’ totality. The Christian meaning of fidelity is perceived by the majority of society to be strictly in the corporeal sense only. As a Christian we are called to look upon not only the physical realityRead MoreChristian Beliefs On Gay Marriage Essay1927 Words   |  8 Pagesmade it increasingly difficult for Christians to carry out their faith. When one’s faith is compromised, they are called to turn the other cheek and follow the Lord. However, when the government puts laws into place that challenge Christian beliefs, it is not easy to decide, if the choice is necessary, whether one should break the law or follow God. One of the most prevalent issues in recent news that counters Christian beliefs is gay marriage. Recently, marriage between two people of the same sexRead MoreChristian Churches and Marriage Equality1304 Words   |  6 PagesIn America, marriage is generally regarded as a constant, never changing commitment that has stood firm throughout the ages. However, this image is p erhaps more distorted than most realize. In reality, marriage has evolved through the years, mostly for the better, but occasionally it takes a turn for the worse. The first records we have of marriage are from the Bible. Sometime before 500 BC, Abraham was married his half-sister, Sarah. To gain riches and political power, he forced her to sleep withRead More Islamic Versus Christian Marriage Essay1500 Words   |  6 Pagesthe topic of religion in marriage. Specifically it will discuss whether Islamic marriage is better or worse for women than Christian marriage. After study of these two religions, it becomes quite clear Islamic marriage is much worse for women than Christian marriage. This essay will show that Islamic women are subjugated by their religion and do not enjoy the freedoms or the equality that Christian women enjoy, and perhaps even take for granted. Why is Christian marriage so much better for womenRead MoreMarriage and Relationships According to Christians Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesMarriage and Relationships According to Christians The principles that Christians believe should guide their personal relationships are: * Trust * Tolerance * Understanding * Forgiveness * Caring * Respect The first principle that I believe should play a large role in a Christian’s personal relationship is trust, without trust the couple’s relationship would crumble. The whole relationship must be based on

Organizational Structure And Functional Structure - 839 Words

How do you think your chosen company created their organizational structure? How is the organizational structure reflected in the company culture? The company I have chosen is the Department of Navy created their Functional Structure which was based of learned lessons from past military employment history. The Navy’s functional structure provides organization according to a jobs or an individual’s purpose within the organization. Departments that focus on a single function or goal most easily recognize functional organizations. For instance, an organization with a marketing department, a human resources department, a research and development department and so forth, operates according to functional organization. The functional structure provides employees, as well as their appropriate departments, with a clear objective and purpose for their work. As an example, employees within a marketing department know that their job is marketing and, as a result, those employees can focus on improving their marketing work and even specialize in a specific area of marketing. On the other hand, functional structure can create divisions between departments if a conflict develops between departments. How is the company able to keep all the employees up to date on company strategies and tactics within the current company dynamics? Is it effective? Management sets objectives and charts a course of action so as to be proactive rather than reactive to the dynamics of the businessShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Structure And Functional Structure999 Words   |  4 PagesFor traditional organization structures, departmentalization means that â€Å"how to group work positions into formal teams or departments that are linked together in a coordinated way† (Victoria management school, 2010, p. 272). These decisions have three types of organizational structure: functional, divisional, matrix and hybrid structures. The definition of functional structure is that making the groups which get the people who have the similar skills together for the similar tasks (Schermerhorn,Read MoreOrganizational Structure Of Functional Managers919 Words   |  4 PagesOrganization Structures relates to Project Management Functional managers have specialties such as engineering and manufacturing. They are usually selected for their technical expertise and ability to control the day to day operations. Functional Managers are considered cross-functional team and are self-directed to assign to a specific task. This type of management have different responsibilities, but all work to perform the same function of the department. Leadership within functional managersRead MoreChipotle s Organizational Structure Is Centered On The Functional Structure1350 Words   |  6 Pages Chipotle’s organizational structure is centered on the functional structure. The top levels of management include the co-CEOs, CFO, Head-Media Relations, and Chief Creative and Development Officer CCDO (Chipotle). Chipotle is a smaller corporation relative to its competitors, which allows it to focus on a vertical hierarchy based on functions. The fact that there are few departments demonstrates that Chipotle is still a growing corporation. Chipotle is a highly centralized corporation as allRead MoreChipotle s Organizational Structure Is Centered On The Functional Structure1097 Words   |  5 PagesChipotle’s organizational structure is centered on the functional structure. The top levels of management include the co-CEOs, CFO, Head-Media Relations, and Chief Creative and Development Officer CCDO (). Chipotle is a sm aller corporation relative to its competitors, which allows it to focus on a vertical hierarchy based on functions. The fact that there are few departments demonstrates that Chipotle is still a growing corporation. Chipotle is a highly centralized corporation as all of its storesRead MoreWhat Is the Relationship of Organizational Structure, Control and Culture? When Would a Company Decide to Change from a Functional to a Multidivisional Structure?593 Words   |  3 PagesAssignment 8 What is the relationship of organizational structure, control and culture? When would a company decide to change from a functional to a multidivisional structure? Between the structures, the controls and the culture is a relationship that works like a chain that is locked to itself. Organizational structure specifies procedures, controls, and decision-making authority. It is critical to match organizational structure to the company strategy. The structure have the purpose of manage the firm’sRead MoreHealthcare Organizational Structure And Implementing Strategy1121 Words   |  5 PagesHealthcare Organizational Structure Introduction Organizational structure is the framework around which the organization is organized, the underpinnings, which keep the coalition functioning. It s the operating manual that tells members how the organization is put together and how it works. More specifically, structure describes how members are accepted, how leadership is chosen, and how decisions are made (Nagy, 2014). With lives in their hands, hospitals have to function very precisely, executingRead MoreOrganizational Design and Organizational Structure Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE An organization is a pattern of relationships-many interwoven, simultaneous relationships- through which people, under the direction of managers, pursue their common goals. These goals are the products of the decision - making processes. The goals that managers develop through planning are typically ambitious, far-reaching, and open-ended. Managers want to ensure that their organizations can endure for a long time. Members of an organizationRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of An Organization1085 Words   |  5 PagesAn organizational structure is a composition that specifies a company s hierarchical structure. There are various kinds of conformations that organizations can choose to build their business around. The organizational structure exemplifies the way in which control and business affairs have been appointed within the organization. Organizational structure encompasses the design of an organization though people positioning and responsibilities in order for organizatio nal goals can be reached. SomeRead MoreDisadvantages Of Organizational Structure811 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational structure is a framework used to define the hierarchy of an organization. â€Å"An organization’s structure depends on a number of factors, including culture, top management’s preferences, the number of employees, geographic dispersion and the range of a company’s products and services† (Walston, 2014, p. 274). Also, it dictates individual job, its function, workflow and reporting system within the organization. This structure is developed to operate the organization efficiently and obtainRead More Organizational Structures Essay799 Words   |  4 Pagesis known as the organization structure formally defined by Wikipedia (2006) as, the way in which the interrelated groups of an organization are constructed. From a managerial point of view the main concerns are ensuring effective communication and coordination. In respects to project m anagement there are three primary organizational break downs they are functional structure, pure project structure, and matrix structure. We will take a look into each of these structures to better identify the similarities

Co Evolutionary of Sustainable Entrepreneurship †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Co Evolutionary of Sustainable Entrepreneurship. Answer: Introduction The given report will throw light on the opportunities which form an essential part of the entrepreneurs life. Opportunities can be defined as an essential component and a major requirement of any start-up (Drucker 2014). A startup comprises of a large number of activities which range from observation, disclosure, and exploiting the opportunities that come on the way and presenting the target market with new service and goods ideas which are unique. Proper planning and execution forms an essential part of entrepreneurship opportunities. A business cannot flourish without adequate opportunities and seizing the opportunity is what is often defined as entrepreneurship. Very often it is possible that the entrepreneurs miss out the opportunities that are available because they lag experience and are not able to capture the signs that the business environment provides. It is this point of view that tends to separate the unique people from the ordinary where one views it as an opportunity and the latter views it as a problem. The report discusses the issues which come in the way of the individual when they are faced by opportunities and how some are able to access them and some are not (Kirzner 2015). It reflects on how opportunities can be created and harnessed thereby reflecting on the qualities that are essential to become a successful entrepreneur. According to Dees (2017), there are three primary qualities that an individual must possess to become a successful entrepreneur. These three qualities are as follows: Ability to establish an opportunity Capability to evaluate the opportunities Successful execution and implementation of opportunities. Opportunities can vanish in the blink of an eye. It is considered a very important quality of an entrepreneur if he is able to recognize an opportunity. This opportunity seeking technique is inbuilt and comes from the manner in which a person has the ability to think in a different manner (Schaper et al. 2014). People are faced by problems, in all facets of life and only those are able to rise who will be able to have a different perspective and are able to view the problems as an opportunity to do something big. Recognition of opportunities forms an essential part of the entrepreneurial qualities and is a major requirement for the start of a new business enterprise. Not only is it important to start a business but it is also important to seize the opportunity in cases where the growth of the business is concerned. One of the most successful examples in this aspect is that of Steve Jobs who brought about the revolutionary phone, the Iphone into the market. This phone most popular for its sleek design and advanced technology, was an instant hit for Apple. He had the ability to seize the gap in the current market and bring about a much needed product in the market. Opportunity can be largely derived from the requirement and needs as identified of the target market. It is advised by Brenkert (2017), that whenever a person realizes that a particular opportunity can be derived out of the present situation, then the individual should assess the given opportunity and see to it that whether it is feasible from the consumer point of view or not. It should check if the product is solving the problems faced by them or not. Very often it may happen that there already exists the given service or product, if so then the aim of the business should be to provide a product whose quality is much superior to that of the existing offering. It must be noted, that the solution of the defined problem should be natural and should be having the ability to solve the problem in the current offering or creating a need (Kuratko 2016). Hence, rightfully stated opportunity recognition is an essential quality if an Entrepreneurs life and forms an essential part of not only new business enterprises but also the existing ones. Inconvenience is the major drawback in any customer offering and this innovation and opportunity seizing aspect must aim to remove this inconvenience (Wagner 2017). The next primary quality which is essential for an opportunity is the evaluation of the opportunity that has been realized. The given opportunity must be rational and practical. Parker (2018), states that self analysis is an important tool for opportunity evaluation. The primary reason why a business fails is because of poor planning and resource allocation technique. Hence, it is generally suggested that analysis of one`s own skills and capabilities form a major aspect of opportunity analysis. Furthermore, when one`s own capability and opportunities have been analyzed, then the market research part comes into action. This given market research involves, conducting various strategic management analysis like PESTLE Analysis, SWOT Analysis, Porter`s Forces and value chain analysis (Burns 2016). The research on recent trends, current customers demands and target market analysis are important feasibility tools. Hence, without this technique, the entrepreneur skill is incomplete. Self analysis and market research forms an essential aspect of opportunity evaluation. If this step is implemented well then the entrepreneur will be able to achieve success. The third essential quality which an entrepreneur should possess is conversion of the given opportunity to a living idea. This also involves execution of the opportunity witnessed in the best possible manner (Schaltegger, Ldeke-Freund and Hansen 2016). This serves as an essential quality of an entrepreneur and also a critical stage for the execution of a start up base coming up with different ideas is relatively easy but converting it to an opportunity is not an easy task and it requires a refined execution plan. According to a research recently conducted, about 60-80% of the people tend to fail in the execution plan and it is the execution aspect that matters more than the idea generation part (Storey 2016).Successful entrepreneurs believe that there exists a four step process with the help of which an entrepreneur can successfully prioritize the various tasks and indulge in the ones which are most successful. Hence, logically the first step states that an individual should be able to set out the priorities that are most important to a business enterprise. This is because without setting priorities, an individual will not be able to deal with the most important ones. The next step important in setting the priorities is that these priorities should be tested based on data analysis which must be combined with goal seeking (Baum et al. 2015). The key performance indicators of the business should be improved and they should be measured with respect to the objectives the firm wants to achieve. This step is crucial in cases if the entrepreneur identifies certain problems as to the execution, then the changes can be made at the moment and rectified. The latter step involves keeping a rhythm between the various meetings in order to see to it that the whole firm is at sync with the vision of the entrepreneur and the planned strategy is clear in everyone`s mind. The strategy has to be reinforced and revised regularly to permit and seek staff attention to the organizational needs. This gives in as an important step to see to it that the staff is fine by the procedure and that there exists no poor output (Huggins and Thompson 2015). Evaluation of the strategy forms the last part of the successful innovative idea execution plan whereby the strategy on the whole needs to be revaluated before implementation. Hence, the execution of the idea forms one of the most critical aspects of the program and any diversion in the plan results in a failure. Constant focus on performance needs to be made in order to ensure success in the long run. The research method used in the given report is the use of secondary data from various literary sources like journals and books in order to justify the importance of the given stated plans in the life of an entrepreneur. Hence, this method can be described as qualitative analysis. A primary research has also been conducted as the report is primarily based on the life of an entrepreneur; this primary research involves an interview of an entrepreneur in Hong Kong who deals in the food truck business. The personal life details as well as real life challenged were discussed in the given interview. The entrepreneur has shared his views about opportunity existing and its importance n business. The view point of the entrepreneur forms an essential part o the research as it helps in gaining practical knowledge about real life application of the given topic. Critical analysis and findings The most relevant and primary research on the given topic, helped with the collection of critical information to understand the various aspects of the report in a well defined and settled manner. The interview with the entrepreneur begin with the main question addressed in the case study which is how an opportunity was seized by the entrepreneur and how is life was changed. The statement made by the author also stated how keeping a vision is considered to be a critical aspect of the organization and that an organization must aim not to lose its focus (Hagen, Denicolai and Zucchella 2014). The interview also reflects upon how an opportunity arises from a set of given problems and that how smart the innovator must be in order to covert problem into opportunities. The entrepreneur narrated how he had identified a pre existing gap in the offerings of the nearby food stall in the primary office locations of Hong Kong and aimed to develop and opportunity for that in order to solve the problem. The entrepreneur also stated how from time to time, various ideas were thought about but they lacked resources and planning because of which they were not quite successful. The focus of the interview also lies on the method which can be used by the entrepreneur for utilizing the opportunity successfully. The entrepreneur stated that focus and planning are two critical aspects of this concern. The interview also revealed that if the entrepreneur has to take a crucial business decision then before that it is extremely important to undertake relevant analysis in order to see to it that the business is viable and there does not take place any restrictions as to success of the given enterprise (Mitra 2013). Hence, for an entrepreneur to be successful, both primary as well as secondary research needs to be conducted carefully. For instance, an individual who was suffering from Cerebral Palsy named John Mathews sent a letter to Reebok stating that he was unable to use their products because of the laces (Piperopoulos 2016). This incident took place in 2013. In the following year, Reebok came up with a new product which was easy to wear. This is exactly how the entrepreneur is required to convert problem to an opportunity. The same thing happened when a customer sent a letter to Nike and even they came up with an idea whereby the zip replaced the lace. The CEO of Nike observed the given problem to the disabled people and made an opportunity out of it by giving their customers as solution. The research conducted has just one limitation is that it comprises of the interview of only one entrepreneur. Therefore, the perspective of the report is based on the just one point of view. There are many successful individuals and the view point of all the individuals may change accordingly on a similar situation. Hence, some other entrepreneur may have another formula for the opportunity analysis which cannot be known. Conclusion Therefore, the given report provides a deep insight into the lifestyle of an entrepreneur in the corporate world. From the report it could be observed that an entrepreneur harnesses any opportunity that is available at his disposal. Opportunities can be defined as a major component of achieving success in the organization and provides a set of vision to the organization which would further help their in the achievement of their goals and objectives. The given analysis has also provided a three step method to convert the opportunities into a good business idea and advices on how the individual should conduct critical analysis using tools before taking a decision for anew venture. The report also outlines the major reason for poor start-ups which can be described as poor executions. Certain factors that would make execution better have also been provided. References Baum, J.R., Frese, M. and Baron, R.A. eds., 2014.The psychology of entrepreneurship. Psychology Press. Brenkert, G.G., 2017. Entrepreneurship, ethics, and the good society. InEntrepreneurship(pp. 85-128). Routledge. Burns, P., 2016.Entrepreneurship and small business. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. Dees, J.G., 2017. 1 The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship. InCase Studies in Social Entrepreneurship and Sustainability(pp. 34-42). Routledge. Drucker, P., 2014.Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. Hagen, B., Denicolai, S. and Zucchella, A., 2014. International entrepreneurship at the crossroads between innovation and internationalization.Journal of International Entrepreneurship,12(2), pp.111-114. Huggins, R. and Thompson, P., 2015. Entrepreneurship, innovation and regional growth: a network theory.Small Business Economics,45(1), pp.103-128. Kirzner, I.M., 2015.Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Kuratko, D.F., 2016.Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, and practice. Cengage Learning. Mitra, J., 2013.Entrepreneurship, innovation and regional development: an introduction. Routledge. Parker, S.C., 2018.The economics of entrepreneurship. Cambridge University Press. Piperopoulos, P.G., 2016.Entrepreneurship, innovation and business clusters. Routledge. Schaltegger, S., Ldeke-Freund, F. and Hansen, E.G., 2016. Business models for sustainability: A co-evolutionary analysis of sustainable entrepreneurship, innovation, and transformation.Organization Environment,29(3), pp.264-289. Schaper, M.T., Volery, T., Weber, P.C. and Gibson, B., 2014.Entrepreneurship and small business. Storey, D.J. ed., 2016.Entrepreneurship and new firm. Routledge. Wagner, M. ed., 2017.Entrepreneurship, innovation and sustainability. Routledge.

Product Centric vs Customers Centric free essay sample

Product Centric Vs Customers Centric: When defining customers centric; it has to be defined as customers intelligence and how can you WOW your customer. Today’s customers are more and more looking for unique solutions to their issues, problems, challenges and achieving their goals. How can this product benefit me? ; that question is asked many times when customers are finding products such as Cell Phones, Cars, Clothes and either houses. Today’s customers are expecting high performing value propositions geared to making their business or â€Å"lives† successful and are quick to search the myriad of competitors available when they do not perform as expected. So when you focus your product on your customers, your focusing on your customers and not you as a businesss in whole. Your focus on your customers is to gain beneficial business relationship and a well-satisfied customer. Your business will began to recognizes the sale is the natural result of forging a solid relationship built on listening and problem solving, not forcing someone to buy such as bad salesman. We will write a custom essay sample on Product Centric vs Customers Centric or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It begins with building customer rapport and ends with a lasting business relationship ((http://www. mymarketingdept. com/customer-centric-marketing). People often confuse the method used to deliver a marketing message with a type of marketing that is only focus on its product. People and business Many people equate telemarketing, direct mail, print advertising, radio, TV, public relations, seminars, newsletters, audio and video presentations, email, and Web sites as marketing. These are not marketing approaches they are delivery methods used to distribute marketing messages. People can and do use all of these delivery methods to send various types of marketing messages. You can send a capabilities/capacities message, a consultative/informative message or a customer-centric message using any of these delivery methods. (not finish)

Free Essays on The Life Of Michelangelo

Michelangelo was pessimistic in his poetry and an optimist in his artwork. Michelangelo’s artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in it’s natural state. Michelangelo’s poetry was pessimistic in his response to Strazzi even though he was complementing him. Michelangelo’s sculpture brought out his optimism. Michelangelo was optimistic in completing The Tomb of Pope Julius II and persevered through it’s many revisions trying to complete his vision. Sculpture was Michelangelo’s main goal and the love of his life. Since his art portrayed both optimism and pessimism, Michelangelo was in touch with his positive and negative sides, showing that he had a great and stable personality. Michelangelo’s artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in it’s natural state. Michelangelo Buonarroti was called to Rome in 1505 by Pope Julius II to create for him a monumental tomb. We have no clear sense of what the tomb was to look like, since over the years it went through at least five conceptual revisions. The tomb was to have three levels; the bottom level was to have sculpted figures representing Victory and bond slaves. The second level was to have statues of Moses and Saint Paul as well as symbolic figures of the active and contemplative life-representative of the human striving for, and reception of, knowledge. The third level, it is assumed, was to have an effigy of the deceased pope. The tomb of Pope Julius II was never finished. What was finished of the tomb represents a twenty-year span of frustrating delays and revised schemes. Michelangelo had hardly begun work on the pope’s tomb when Julius commanded him to fresco the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel to complete the work done in the previous century under Sixtus IV. The overall organization consists of four large triangles at the corner; a series of eight triangular spaces on the outer border; an intermediate series of figures;... Free Essays on The Life Of Michelangelo Free Essays on The Life Of Michelangelo Michelangelo was pessimistic in his poetry and an optimist in his artwork. Michelangelo’s artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in it’s natural state. Michelangelo’s poetry was pessimistic in his response to Strazzi even though he was complementing him. Michelangelo’s sculpture brought out his optimism. Michelangelo was optimistic in completing The Tomb of Pope Julius II and persevered through it’s many revisions trying to complete his vision. Sculpture was Michelangelo’s main goal and the love of his life. Since his art portrayed both optimism and pessimism, Michelangelo was in touch with his positive and negative sides, showing that he had a great and stable personality. Michelangelo’s artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in it’s natural state. Michelangelo Buonarroti was called to Rome in 1505 by Pope Julius II to create for him a monumental tomb. We have no clear sense of what the tomb was to look like, since over the years it went through at least five conceptual revisions. The tomb was to have three levels; the bottom level was to have sculpted figures representing Victory and bond slaves. The second level was to have statues of Moses and Saint Paul as well as symbolic figures of the active and contemplative life-representative of the human striving for, and reception of, knowledge. The third level, it is assumed, was to have an effigy of the deceased pope. The tomb of Pope Julius II was never finished. What was finished of the tomb represents a twenty-year span of frustrating delays and revised schemes. Michelangelo had hardly begun work on the pope’s tomb when Julius commanded him to fresco the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel to complete the work done in the previous century under Sixtus IV. The overall organization consists of four large triangles at the corner; a series of eight triangular spaces on the outer border; an intermediate series of figures;...

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nicotinic Acetylcholine - Essay Example Synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, a fraction of the subunits of this receptor assemble into homo and hetero-pentameric complexes. The only complexes that reach the cell surface, after exiting from endoplasmic reticulum are the pentameric complexes. nAChRs have been identified as crucial elements in central nervous system functions such as consciousness, attention, and memory; and participate in numerous cerebral circuits. (Bocquet, Carvalho, Cartaud, Neyton Poupon, Taly, Grutter, Changeux, Corringer 2007) The opening of the channels of these receptors is triggered by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Nicotine also has the same effect. A diagram of the chemical structure of acetylcholine is given below. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are located mainly in the postsynaptic membrane under the motor nerve terminal at the neuromuscular junction. Nicotinic receptors can also be found in different synaptic locations; e.g. the muscle nicotinic receptor always functions post-synaptically. The nerve cell forms of the receptor can be found both post-synaptically (performing classical neurotransmission) and pre-synaptically (causing the release of other neurotransmitters). In contrast to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors do not operate with the help of a second messenger. Instead they open themselves forming an ion channel. Curare causes inhibition of these receptors. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have a very wide distribution in the various body tissues. Nerve cell receptors are found in the central nervous system and also in the peripheral nervous system. The neuromuscular receptors, on the other hand are found in the neuromuscular junctions of somatic muscles. ... The neuromuscular receptors, on the other hand are found in the neuromuscular junctions of somatic muscles. The stimulation of these receptors causes muscular contraction.(Barrantes 1998) Structure and function of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein includes one or many sites which can bind the neurotransmitter ACh and also a specific channel for cat ions which is also known as the intrinsic cationic channel. These ions can be Na+, Ca2+ or K+ and the channel is specific in nature. The process of the opening of ion channel is linked to the binding of ACh. (Maelicke 1986) Protein chemistry and sequence analysis of polypeptide has revealed a general scheme for each subunit which consists of : 1. A globular extra cellular N-terminal domain (ECD); 2. A trans-membrane domain (TMD) 3. A cytoplasmic domain There are 2 to 5 Acetylcholine binding sites on the ECD. Nicotinic receptors have many subunits and these subunits belong There are 2 to 5 Acetylcholine binding sites on the ECD. Nicotinic receptors have many subunits and these subunits fit in a multigene family (seventeen members in the human being) When many of the subunits combine they form a great numbers of receptors. Every subunit gives three parts or "loops" to the site of binding. The sites which bind ACh are located on the outer side of the subunits. And as the agonist binds, the subunits happen to be more alike to the other subunits. And the channel gets more proportioned and a hole of about 0.65nm in diameter opens up. This channel helps the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor to adhere to its role by many ways. Firstly it encloses a mechanism of gating which is closed in the inactive states of the channel but it is open in the active

Indonesia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Indonesia - Essay Example (FAO) The median age for males is 25.7 and for females 26.6, giving a total median age population of 26.1. (Country Reports 2006) The sex ratio (m/f) at birth is 1.05, at 15-64 is 1.0, and at 65 and over is 0.78. With 21 births and 6 deaths per 1,000 people, and 36 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, Indonesia has an annual growth rate of 1.4%. Life expectancy at birth is currently 69.6 years. The crude birth rate per 1000 people is 22.55 as per the 1998 census. (World Health Organization) The total fertility rate (per woman) is 2.4. The primary reasons for the decline in fertility rate in Indonesia are an increased use in contraception, which in turn is due to economic development, an increase in the education rate, and greater work force participation for women. (Shafiqul-Islam et. al 1995) Adult male and female literacy rates are at 93.4% and 85.5% respectively (WHO) The maternal mortality ratio, the infant mortality rate, and the under 5 mortality rate are all declining, due to several factors including increased immunization coverage, economic growth (particularly in rural areas), improvement in health facilities, and greater community awareness and participation. Constraints to reduction in mortality include increasing urbanization and poverty in remote island locations. (WHO) Ethnicity of Indonesia is Javanese 45%, Sudanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%. Religious identity is Islam 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1%. (Country Reports: Indonesia) Indonesia has become a global source of contract migrant workers, who secure jobs in another country for a contracted period. The push factor is the demand for unskilled labor in Australia and Thailand, for example. The scarcity of skilled workers in Indonesia is a major pull factor for immigration into the country. (UN) Figure 3 - Religious Affiliation Resources Average daily protein intake is 65.74 as per the 1999 census. The people of Indonesia consume an average of around 2,800 calories per day. (FAO) Indonesia has faced serious problems with malnutrition due to inadequate production and availability of certain foods. Rice is the staple of the majority of Indonesians, due to availability and expense of meat protein. (FAO) Insufficient awareness of nutritional needs and poor eating habits are among other reasons for malnutrition. Other nutritional issues such as anemia, iodine deficiency, and vitamin A deficiency are also prevalent. (WHO) Forestry is a significant employer in Indonesia, supplying around 3.7 million jobs. An estimated 51-57% of the land area of the country is covered in forest land, equating to 98-109 million hectares. 34% is designated for protection and national parks. Secondary forest products such as plywood, sawn timber, rattan, and paper are among the most important non-oil exports of the country. Switching to sustainable forest resources is crucial because the population of Indonesia is increasing relatively rapidly. The government plans to decrease reliance on natural forest areas for such products, and increase reliance on plantations, with the goal of having

Properties of Enzyme Catalysts

Properties of Enzyme Catalysts Introduction Enzymes:Enzymes are single or multiple -chain proteins that act as a biological catalysts with the ability to promote specific chemical rxn under the mild condition that prevail in most living organism. Over-view of Enzymes catalysts All reaction in the body are mediated by enzymes, which are protein catalysis that increase the rate of reaction without being changed in overall process. Among the many biologic reaction that are energetic possible, Enzyme selectively channel reactant called substrate into useful pathways. Enzynes thus direct all metabolic events. Enzyme are Protein Catalyst that increase the velocity of the chemical rxn, and are not consumed during the rxn they catalyse. Some type of RNA act like a Enzyme, RNA with catalytic activity are called Ribozymes. Enzymes are protein catalysts, they influence the kinetics but not the thermodynamics of a reaction Increase the rate of a chemical reaction Do not alter the equilibrium Properties of enzymes Enzyme molecules contain a special pocket called a active site. The active site contain amino acid side chain that create a three dimention surface complementary to the substrate . the active site bind the substrate , forming an enzyme substrate (ES) complex. The ES is converted to enzyme product(EP), which subsequently dissociated to enzyme and product. Catalytic efficiency: Most enzyme catalytic rxn are highly efficient , proceeding from 103 to 108 times faster than the uncatalysed rxn. Eacg enzyme molecule is capable of transforming 100 to 1000 substrate molecules into product each sec. The number of molecules of substrate converted to product is called the turnover no. Characterstic of Enzymes Certain substance is small amount have unique capacity of speedingup chemical rxn without being alter after the rxn, they acceleration the velocity of the rxn without necessary initially it. Substance that behave in this manner are called catalyst or catalytic agent. For eg hydrogen and oxygen do not combine to any appreciable extent under normal atmospheric condition. However unlike platinum , while is inorganic , enzyme are organic compound produce by living organism. Thus we may define enzyme as organic catalyst produced by a organic cell. The three distinctive characterstic are 1)specificity. 2)high Catalyst rate 3)high capacity for regulation. A general model of reaction kinetics of biological systems Dyanamic mathematical model in biotechnology require beside the information require the stoiciometry ok the biological rxn system.. The identification of a priori unknown reaction kinetics is often a critical task due to the non-linearity and (over-) parameterization of the model equations introduced to account for all the possible modulation phenomena. The contribution of this paper is to propose a general formulation of reaction kinetics, as an extension of the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, which allows limitation/activation and inhibition effects to be described with a reduced number of parameters. The dianamic model of a perfectly stirred tank bioreactor is usually derived from a mass balance which lead to a differential eq systwm for the concentration vector ) = c0; r(c(t))=q(c(t))cx0(t) The matrix âÅ'ˆâ‚ ¬R^m*n contains the information on the stoichiometry of the reaction system and is usually timeinvariant. The biological reactions r â‚ ¬ R ^ m are catalysed by the viable biomass, whose concentration is denoted by cx0(t); and the specific reaction rate vector q â‚ ¬R^m is usually a non-linear function of the concentrations. Dâ‚ ¬ R is the renewal (or dilution) rate and u â‚ ¬ R^ n containsthe reactor input/output conditions. There are a large variety of mathematical descriptions of the reaction kinetics available in the literature. A systematic approach is, therefore, necessary to find the best model structure and the best values ofthe model parameters with respect to some imposed criterion. For instance, in terms of model identification, the optimal structure is characterised by minimal correlations between parameters and maximal identifiability properties. In terms of state estimation and control, however, simplicity and (non-)linearity play impo rtant roles.[5] ENZYME CATALYST Most of the rxn that occur in living organism are catalyst by molecule called enzyme. Most enzymes are proteins (certain RNA molecules also act as enzyme). An enzyme is in specific in its action. Many enzymes catalyst only the conversion of a particular reactant to a particular product ;other enzyme catalyst only a certain class of rxn(by ester hydrolysis) . Enzyme speed up rxn rate very substantionally and in their absent most biological rxn occur . The molecule an enzyme act on is called the substrate.the substrate bind to a specific active site on the enzymeso form as enzyme substrate complex. Some physiological poison act by binding to active site of an enzyme,there blocking the action of the enzyme.the structure of an inhibitor may resemble the structure of enzyme substrate .Cyanide act by blocking the enzyme cytochrome oxidase. The single called Escherichia coli, a bacterium that flourished in human colons, contain about 2500 different enzymes .[6] Enzyme Kinetics 1 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 2.Lineweaver-Burk Kinetics 3. Hanes-Woolf Kinetics 4. Eadie-hofstee 5. Reversible Inhibition[7] K1 k2 E+S ↔ ES ↔ E+P k-1 k-2 E is the free enzyme , S is the substrate, ES is the enzyme substrate complex p is the product. Thp overall rxn is s gives p. The enzyme is assumed in step 1 and rearranged in step 2.Enzymes can catalyze up to several million reactions per second 2.Enzyme rates depend on solution conditions and substrate concentration. Conditions that denature the protein abolish enzyme activity, such as high temperatures, extremes of pH or high salt concentrations, while raising substrate concentration tends to increase activity. To find the maximum speed of an enzymatic reaction, the substrate concentration is increased until a constant rate of product formation is seen. This is shown in the saturation curve on the right. Saturation happens because, as substrate concentration increases, more and more of the free enzyme is converted into the substrate-bound ES form. At the maximum velocity (Vmax) of the enzyme, all the enzyme active sites are bound to substrate, and the amount of ES complex is the same as the total amount of enzyme. However, Vmax is only one kinetic constant of enzymes. The amount of substrate needed to achieve a given rate of reaction is also important. This is given by the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km), which is the substrate concentration required for an enzyme to reach one-half its maximum velocity. Each enzyme has a characteristic Km for a given substrate, and this can show how tight the binding of the substrate is to the enzyme In most experimental studies on enzymes kinetics, the enzyme concentrationis much less than the substrate concentration; [E] [ES]-[E][P] 0=([E] -[E][S])(k[E][S]-[P])-(+)[ES] If [is the initial enzyme concentration than [E]=[E]+[ES].since the conc is [E]during the rxn is generally not known while [E] is known , we replace [E] by [E] The const rate is =- R=[E][S]-[ES] R=[E][S]-([S]+[ES] Since the concentration of the intermediate ES is very small, we have Usually,the rxn is followed only to a few percent completion and the initial rate determined. Setting the product concentration [P]equal to 0 and [S]equal to [S] We get as the initial rate r where the Michaelis Menten const is defined by . The reciprocal of above eq is 1/r= 1/ Equation 2 is the Michaelis Menten eq , and above eq is the Lineweaver Burk eq. One measure r for several [S] values with [E] held fixed. The constant Since [E] is known . strictly speaking r is not the rate at t=0 , since there is a short induction period before steady state condition are establish . Although many exp studies on enzyme kinetic give a rate law in agreement with the Michaelis Menten eq .the mech ‘a is grossly over simplified. For one thing , there is much evidence that , while the substrate is bound to the enzyme , it generally undergoes a chemical change before being released as product . hence a better model is E + S ES ↔ EP ↔ E+ P The above model gives a rate law that has the same form as the Michaelis Menten eq but the const are replaced const with diff significance . Enzyme rxn are quite fast but can be studied using â€Å"classical† methods by keeping [E] and [S]very slow. Lineweaver- Burk Equation The method describe for the determination of is someone complex and therefore simpler method have been devised. Two such method are given below: First method-a convient means of evaluating and is to plot kinetic data as the reciprocals of v and (S) where v velocity and (S) is the total conc of substrate. such a double reciprocal was proposed by Hans Lineweaver and Dean Burk in 1934. If one take the reciprocal of Michaelis Menten eq, the following eq is formed This is known as Lineweaver- Burk Equation. This eq is the form y=mx+b, if one condition the variable to b and 1/(s). When one plots a graph against these two variable , a straight line is obtained . the slop of this line corresponds to and the 1/v intercept corresponds to 1/. Since can be determine from the intercept , the can be calculated . Second method: another graphical method for the measurement of for experimentel data on V as a measure of (S) makes use of the above Lineweaver- Burk Equation . multiplication on sides of the by (S) gives: A plot of verses (S) gives a straight line on axis is and the slope is and can be obtained from intercepy of the slope. A lineweaver burk plots provide a quick test for adhereance to Michaelis Menten eq kinetic and allows easily evaluation of the critical const . it also allow the discrimination between diff kinds of enzyme inhibition and regulation. A disadventure of lineweaver-Burk plot is that a long extrapolation is often require to determine , which corresponds uncertainty in the result. Consequently , other way of plotting the data are sometimes used. Alternate plot are based on Hanes-eq: [s]/v So that v/[s] is plotted against v. The relative merit of the Lineweaver-Burk, Hanes and Edlie-Hoffstee eq for the determination of and are llustrated below in fig. Using the same set of e ixperimental values of v for a series of substrate concentration . it can be seen that the lineweaver-Burk eq gives the unequal distribution of points and greater emphasis to the points at low substrate concentration that are subject to a greater experimental error, whilst the Edlie-Hoffstee eq and a Hans eq gives a better distribution of points. In the case of the Hans plot , greater emphasis is placed on the experimental data at higher substrate 1)Lineweaver plot 2)Hanes plot 3) Eadie-hofstee plot Lineweaver burk, Hanes and Eadie hofstee plot the same set of experimental data of the effect of substrate conc. [S] on the initial rate v of the enzyme catalyst rxn. Reversible Inhibition Now consider the effect of reversibly-binding inhibitors on an enzyme. If an inhibitor binds reversibly at the same site as the substrate, the inhibition is referred to as competitive. If the inhibitor binds to another site on the enzyme, the binding is described as noncompetitive. These two alternative behaviors may be distinguished by their effects on Lineweaver-Burk or Hanes-Woolf plots. If a reversible inhibitor can bind to the enzyme active site in place of the substrate, it is described as a competitive inhibitor. In pure competitive inhibition, the inhibitor is assumed to bind to the free enzyme but not to the enzyme-substrate (ES) complex. The binding is described as shown below: Here Ki is the dissociation constant for the EI complex. EI does not react to form E + P, and the enzyme is unable to bind both S and I at the same time. There are several graphical methods for detecting and analyzing competitive inhibition. The Michaelis-Menten, Lineweaver-Burk, and Hanes-Woolf equations can all be modified to include a term that describes the inhibition by I. Choose one of the cases below to consider each of these in more detail: The Michaelis-Menten equation for competitive inhibition is: The Lineweaver-Burk equation for competitive inhibition is: The Hanes-Woolf equation for competitive inhibition is: Noncompetitive Inhibition If a reversible inhibitor can bind to the enzyme at a site that is distinct from the active site, it is described as a noncompetitive inhibitor. In pure noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds with equal affinity to the free enzyme and to the enzyme-substrate (ES) complex. The binding is described as shown below: Here Ki is the dissociation constant for either the EI complex or the IES complex. Neither of these complexes can react to form E + P. There are several graphical methods for detecting and analyzing noncompetitive inhibition. The Michaelis-Menten, Lineweaver-Burk, and Hanes-Woolf equations can all be modified to include a term that describes the inhibition by I. Choose one of the cases below to consider each of these in more detail: The Michaelis-Menten equation for noncompetitive inhibition is: The Lineweaver-Burk equation for noncompetitive inhibition is: The Hanes-Woolf equation for noncompetitive inhibition is: Limiting Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalysed Reactions At very low concentrations of substrate many enzyme-catalysed reactions display approximately second-order kinetics, with rate given by the following equation: v = kA [E]0 [A] . . . . . . . in which the symbol kA (or, in general, kR for a reactant R) is the apparent second-order rate constant or specificity constant and [E]0, which may also be written as [E]t or [E]stoich, is the total or stoichiometric concentration of catalytic centres. The rationale for the subscript 0 is that the total enzyme concentration is normally the concentration at the instant of mixing, i.e. at time zero. Conversely, at very high substrate concentrations the same reactions commonly display approximately first-order kinetics (zero-order with respect to substrate): v = k0 [E]0 . in which k0, which may also be written as kcat is the apparent first-order rate constant. Although these limiting types of behaviour are not universally observed, they are more common than Michaelis-Menten kinetics)and provide a basis for classifying inhibitory and other effects independently of the need for Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The quantity k0[E]0 is given the symbol V and the name limiting rate. It is particularly useful when k0 cannot be calculated because the total catalytic-centre concentration is unknown, as in studies of enzymes of unknown purity, sub-unit structure and molecular mass. The symbol Vmax and the names maximum rate and maximum velocity are also in widespread use although under normal circumstances there is no finite substrate concentration at which v = V and hence no maximum in the mathematical sense. The form Vmax is convenient in speech as it avoids the need for a cumbersome distinction between capital V and lower case v. When a true maximum does occur the symbol vmax (not Vmax) and the name maximum rate may be used for the true maximum value of v but care should be taken to avoid confusion with the limiting rate. Enzyme Mechanism: Enzyme kinetic studies,together with the other typeof investigation have led to inside into the way in which enzyme exert their catalytic action.aspects of this are of special interest . This specificityof enzymes is explained in terms of the an elaborating of Fischers â€Å"lock and key†which is concerned with the way in which an enzyme and the substrate fixed together in forming a Enzyme substrate complex and in undergo subsequent rxn . the second aspect is the very high effectiveness of enzyme in comparison with other catalyst. the high effectiveness of catalyst almost always is associate with a low energy of activation for the rxn. in some cases the effect has been attributed to the fact that the enzyme is acting as a bifunctional catalyst, in tha two catalytic group are presentside by side at the active centre. Transition state : When a chemical reaction occurs, the energy content of the reacting molecule or atom increases. This is why most chemical reactions, whether they release heat or absorb heat, happen faster as the temperature is raised. The high-energy state of the reactants is called the transition state. For example, in a bond-breaking reaction, the transition state may be one where the reacting bond, although not completely broken, is vibrating at a frequency high enough that it is equally likely to split apart as to reform. Forming reactants or products results in the loss of energy from the transition state. This principle is shown in Figure 1 , where the increased energy of the transition state is represented as a hill or barrier on the energy diagram. Catalysts reduce the height of the barrier for achieving the transition state. General Catalytic Mechanism Catalysed reaction occur by a wide variety of mechanism.There is however one pattern that applies to a no of single substrate rxns catalysted by surfaces,enzymes, acids and bases. It is useful to consider this schmene of rxn first show as to appreciate the similarities that exist between certain rxn that are catalysted by different type od catalyst. The rxn schme: C + S ↔ X + Y X + W ↔ P + Z Here C represent the catalyst and s is the substrate; X and Y are intermediate , the first of which undergoes a second rxn with a species W to give final product or products P together with the addition substance Z. This scheme shows only the kinetically significance reactions; the substate Y and Z undergo other process that do not have any effect on yhe kinetic behaviour. To simplify the treatment it is assumed that the second rxn does not in the reverse direction ; this can b ensured if the product P is removed as far as it is formed. In surface catalysis X is an adsoption complex, Y and W are non exitance. The const in this case are first order rate const, while is the second order const. In catalysis by acid and base however Y and W play important role. Thus i c is an acid catalyst, rxn 1 involces the transfer of a proton to S,so that Y is the base conjugate to the acid C. In acid catalyst the intermediate X is the protonated substrete SH+ and a rxn 2 is proton is transferred to a species W. The species W therefore has basic properties and it may b molecule of a solvent and a solute. For eg It may be the species Y formed in 1 step . we will see that the kinetic behaviour depends in an important way on wheather the intermediate X transfers its proton to solvent molecule or to a solute molecule. Conversely in base catalyst Y is the acid conjugate to the base C.the intermediate X is the substrate Molecule minus a proton., and in rxn 2 it accepts a proton from W.again we have a solvent molecule or a solute molecule.in some situations a rate with which a intermediate X undergoes rxn 2 may be sufficiently slow that the first rxn may b regarded as being at equilibrium.the exact condition for this is [W][X][Y].since this case corresponds to Arrhenius concept of an intermediate in eq with the reactants, such intermediate have being called Arrhenius intermediates. The converse case is that the condition is [X][Y]the concentration of X is small and the steady state treatment may be appliedto it. Intermediate of this kind have been called Vant Hoff intermediates. If neither of this of this extreme condition applies , the kinetic situation is more complicated , and the appropriate differential eq have to be solved. Only the equolibium and steady-state treatments are considered here. Equilibrium Treatment : Arrhenius intermediates In this case the equation : Applies. However , the concentration of C and S do not correspond necessary to yhe initial concentration [C] and [S]. Since appreciable amount of C and S have been used to form a intermediate X. These initial concentration may be expressed as [C]=[C] + [S] [S]= [S] + [X] As long as attention is confined to initial rates. Eq a become This is quadratic in [X] and can be solve for [X]. Yhen the expression for rate equal to k[X][W] , can be written down. However it os, more useful to consider two special cases. Case 1: if the initial conc of the substrate is much greayer than that of yhe catalyst, that is, if [S][C], it follows that [S] [X] is very close to [S], since [X] cannot exceed [C]. Eq b there fore reduces to : And thus The rate of rxn therefore V=[X][W]= This rate eq correspond toa variation of rate of all type represent .At lower substrate conc , when K[S][Y], the rate become independent of [S], as long as the condition [S]>>[C] holds, however the rate varies linear with [C]. This type of behaviour is characteristic or single-substrate rxn on surfaces and of enzyme rxn. For both of these the species Y and W are nonexistence and eq c become: The eq is also eq to the Michaelis Menten eq for enzyme rxn. This eq usually written Where is the Michaelis const , is equal to 1/k in the present treatment. In rrn catalysed by acid and base it will be seen that the rate remain linear with the substrate concentration ; this is because of the special type of equilibrium that are rapidly established in the sol. Case 2: on the other hand , if the catalyst is greatly in excess of the substrate, that is [C]>>[S] eq a reduces to And the rate of rxn is The rate now varies linearily with the concentration of substrate , but the variation with the catalyst concentration . (b)The rate of reaction as a function of substrate conc for the case in which [S]>>[C] (a) rate of rxn as a function of catalyst concentration for the case[C]>>[S] Steady-state Treatment:Van,t hoff intermediate If the condition [W]>> applies, the concentration of X is small and the steady state treatment is available. The steady-state is substitution of [C] -[X] for [C] and of [S]-[X] for [S} gives since [X] is very small the term in can be neglected ; with its approximation above eq gives the rate is therefore this eq again indicates that at low conc of either catalyst or substrate the rate is proportional to either [C] or [S] ; at a higher concentration of either the rate become independent of that concentration . in catalyst by surface and enzymes , W and Y are nonexistence and the rate eq become An eq of essentially this form was first derived by Briggs and Haldane for enzyme reaction Catalyst By Enzyme Catalysis by enzyme , the biological catalyst , is much more specific than that by acids and bases. soe enzyme shows absolute specificity ; an eg is urease, which only the catalyzed of Urea. A lower degree of specificity is shown by such enzyme as the proteolytic enzymes, which catalyst the hydrolysis of the peptide linkage provided that certain structural condition are specified in the neighbourhood of the linkage.; this is known as group specificity. many enzyme exhibit stereochemical specificity, in that the catalyze the rxn of one stereochemical form and not the other.the proteolytic enzyme.The enzymes are protein but may be associated with non protein substance that essential to the action of enzyme.the action of enzyme shows some resemblance to the catalytic action of acids and bases but is more complicated. the present treatment of enzyme kinetics is confined to the influence concentration, ph, and temperature and to some brief comments about enzymes mechanisms. Measurement of the kinetics of biological systems at elevated temperatures utilizing flow techniques Continuous flow-type reactors have been used to study the kinetics of biological systems for quite some time. For continuous media sterilization, tubular flow reactors are particularly useful being simple in character and easy to control. However, one aspect quite often neglected in sterilization calculations is the residence time distribution of the reactor system. Serious errors in estimating the degree of bacterial destruction can be encountered if the residence time distribution is neglected; especially when a high degree of destruction is desired. This paper reports a study made to characterize and use the residence time distribution of a tubular reactor in the interpretation of high-temperature, short exposure time data for inactivation of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores. Mathematical models accounting for the residence time distribution of the tubular reactor have been proposed and employed to obtain high-temperature death-rate data.[14] Result Since enzymatic reactions are so important to biological chemical reactions, it is of great interest to be able to model them. By use of the study of chemical kinetics, it is possible derive rate equations for the steps involved in an enzymatic reaction. These rate equations are differential equations and can be used to model theconcentrations of each compound in the system. However, this system of differential equations is hard to determine experimentally because of the difficulty of determining the rate equations into theMichaelis-Menten enzyme equation. Many benefits stem from this transition. One benefit is the fact that it is now easy to determine the constants related to the enzyme equations. However, how do we know the Quasi-Steady-State Assumption is valid? It seems reasonable from a physical argument. Byuse of dimensional analysis, we can give a more rigorous mathematical argument for the Quasi-Steady-State Assumption. The Michaelis-Menten enzyme equation is very important i n the study of cellular systems by allowing a model that can be easily derived through experimentation. Summary Enzymes are single or multiple -chain proteins that act as a biological catalysts with the ability to promote specific chemical rxn under the mild condition that prevail in most living organism. All reaction in the body are mediated by enzymes, which are protein catalysis that increase the rate of reaction without being changed in overall process .than properties of catalyst in which Enzyme molecules contain a special pocket called a active site. Than the characterstic of enzymes where enzyme are organic compound produce by living organism. Thus we may define enzyme as organic catalyst produced by a organic cell. Then we studied the Enzyme Kinetics where studied the five equation:1 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 2.Lineweaver-Burk Kinetics 3. Hanes-Woolf Kinetics 4. Eadie-hofstee 5. Reversible Inhibition.Than we studied the enzyme mechanism where studied two equations theSteady-state Treatment:Van,t hoff intermediate and the Equilibrium Treatment : Arrhenius intermediates.

Rental Income Essay -- Business, Taxes

In order to qualify as a REIT for any taxable year, at least 95% of a REIT’s gross income must be derived from sources such as dividends, interest, and 75% of income from items related to certain real property. The items of income related to real estate assets are listed under IRC  §856(c)(3) which includes, among other sources, rents from real property, interest on obligations secured by real property or on interests in real property, gain from the sale or other disposition of real property that is not inventory or dealer property, and dividends and gains from the sale or orther disposition of shares in other qualifying REITs. For the purpose of the income tests described above, IRC  § 856(d)(1) provides that the term rents from real property includes â€Å"rents from interests in real property, charges for services customarily furnished or rendered in connection with the rental of real property, whether or not such charges are separately stated, and rent attributable to personal property which is leased under, or in connection with, a lease of real property, but only if the rent attributable to such personal property for the taxable year does not exceed 15 percent of the total rent for the taxable year attributable to both the real and personal property leased under, or in connection with, such lease†. To provide guidance with regard to tiered partnerships, the Treasury prescribed Reg.  § 1.856-3(g) which states that a REIT is permitted to look through a partnership in which it is a partner for the purposes of applying the income tests of IRC  § 856(c)(2) and IRC  § 856(c)(3). This regulation section provides that a REIT is deemed to own a proportionate share of each of the assets of the partnership and that it is deemed to be ent... ...hall be issued to provide that certain items of gross income will not be taken into account in determining income or loss from any activity. The court could not justify treating IRC  §469(l)(1) as self-executing and IRC  §469(l)(2) as not being self-executing. The court stated that there was intent to promulgate regulations to carry out a statutory purpose and the fact that regulations are not forthcoming cannot be an acceptable basis to preclude taxpayer from congressionally intended and appropriate relief. In addition, the court emphasized that Hillman’s approach in netting his share of self-charged management fee expense with gross income from the activities fulfills the economic significance concern. The taxpayer did not experience accretion in wealth. The court did not see an economic difference between this situation and one involving self-charged lending.

Insider trading about Martha Stewart

When she was young, Martha committed her attempts to school assignments, obtaining report books full of best marks. She gained a scholarship to Barnard College, where she employed as a model and wedded with a law scholar, and changing her name becomes Martha Stewart. She discontinue her career as model when she was pregnant. Then she worked as a broker for few years. She was pretty good in doing the job, so she would have recognized about insider trading laws (â€Å"Martha Stewart, broker indicted†, 2003).When she was a college student, Stewart involved in business with her friend. Stewart began a catering business. Her catering business became productive and successful. Stewart started a retail store and sold her home equipments. She co-wrote a best-seller book, entertaining peoples, with long-period fashion ace Elizabeth Hawes. She began cropping up on Television talk shows with confidential information for troubled housewives. She was also having crucial problem with her hu sband. After Stewarts divorced, her husband married the worker. In the meantime, Martha Stewart's business remained successful (â€Å"Martha Stewart, broker indicted†, 2003).Stewart launched her magazine, Martha Stewart Living, in 1991. It became an achievement. Two years later, she began her own TV show, Martha Stewart Living. Initially, the insiders were unsure it would run well, but surely it was become tremendously rewarding TV show. Stewart generated a lot of money increasingly at that period (â€Å"Martha Stewart, broker indicted†, 2003).Insider Trading in case of Martha StewartThe Securities and Exchange Commission, in 2002, informed that Martha Stewart was investigated for insider trading case. In December 2001, she had sold 3,928 shares of ImClone Systems merely ahead the Food ; Drug Administration informed that it was entrancing ImClone's utilization to sell a modern supposed wonder medicine. It seemed like standard insider trading, and it believably was (â⠂¬Å"Stephen Moore on Martha Stewart & Insider Trading†, 2004).However, inquisitively the federal officials never testified this in courtyard, or even attempted to establish it. Alternatively, they appointed Stewart with four law-breaking, such as confederacy, construction of natural virtue, and two numbers of creating incorrect statements to officials. A jury said that she is blameworthy, and she was decided to be prisoned for five months. They thought that it is a law-breaking to telling the falsity to a fed. The speech communication does not have to be recorded, and witnesses are elective (â€Å"Stephen Moore on Martha Stewart & Insider Trading†, 2004).Martha Stewart has been in the news program and media for some months because the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission considers that she was confirmed by Sam Waksal that his company ImClone’s cancer medicine had been declined by the Food and Drug Administration earlier than this report was published (Schroede r, J., 2004).This state of affairs was a great stroke to his company and the monetary value of its stock descended spectacularly. Nevertheless, Martha Stewart was not monetary injured because she had her stock broker sell her 4000 shares earlier than this information was published. If it is accurate, and it should be lined it has not been evidenced yet, and so she is chargeable of insider trading. The Stewart beliefs should make a resentful after-sensation in conservatives' openings for other causes. Stewart was a unfortunate person of socio-economic class conflict that has filtered down from the unintelligent (Schroeder, J., 2004).One of the panelists remarked joyously that this final judgment was warrantied, because it would bring a subject matter to the â€Å"valuable and strong†, which they cannot escape with such maltreatments. The print media also pleasured in performing the â€Å"socio-economic class conflict   correspondence† by spiting Martha Stewart for suc h wrongdoings as dressing high-priced jewelry at the time of the legal proceeding (â€Å"Stephen Moore on Martha Stewart ; Insider Trading†, 2004).Stewart now confronts possibly two years in correctional institution and the termination of as a minimum one-half of her financial condition, all because she handled to preserve herself $50,000 selling ImClone stock at the time of she perceived that one of the medicines the companies had been expanding had unsuccessful to acquire FDA acceptance (â€Å"Martha Stewart Stock Scandal†, 2003).In conclusion, Martha Stewart has been one of the great and victorious entrepreneurs of this contemporaries era. She produced hundreds of millions of dollars of innovative economic condition and nearly an innovative business enterprise that was effectively by herself. She made many occupations and was a booming enterpriser who materialized to produce much money.The origin my edginess is that a number peoples in our social group praise her ru ination incisively because of her tremendous attainment. However, attainment is a moral excellence in United States, and while the people begin handling it as frailty, they minimize their competitive arrangement. And so they have an untold greater difficulty in their social group than whether people are exchanging on active stock confidential information among the period of time.BibliographyMartha Stewart, broker indicted. 2003. [Online]Available at: http://money.cnn.com/2003/06/04/news/martha_indict?cnn=yesMartha Stewart settles SEC's insider trading case. 2004. [Online]Available at: http://redorbit.com/news/general/605372/†¦/index.htmlSchroeder, J. 2004. SSRN-Envy, Jealousy and Insider Trading: The Case of Martha Stewart. [Online]Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=419580SEC Charges Martha Stewart, Broker Peter Bacanovic with Illegal Inside. 2003. [Online]Available at: http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2003-69.htmStephen Moore on Martha Stewart & Insi der Trading. 2004. [Online]Available at: http://www.nationalreview.com/moore/moore200403090901.asp

The Minimum Wage is Bad - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1582 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/16 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Minimum Wage Essay Did you like this example? The Minimum Wage is Bad The state of Arkansas this past November on the voting ballot was the choice for citizens to vote for the raising of the minimum wage to $11.00/hr over the next three years. At first glance, someone might think that this is a rewarding change but when taking a deeper look into the subject, it will reveal a lot of consequences that will cause a lot of trouble over time. Cost of living is going to rise, businesses will be less likely to hire when needed, unemployment numbers will rise and simple things such as a hamburger at McDonalds will go up.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Minimum Wage is Bad" essay for you Create order Currently the minimum wage in the southern United States averages around $8.00/hr.(LaborLawCenter) This is the reason housing is so much cheaper in the south than living in California where the minimum wage is $12.00 or New York where it is $11.00. Now imagine this, Arkansas having the same minimum wage as New York. There are four major entities that affect cost of living; housing, taxes, healthcare, food. The average rent for a 1,000 sq.ft. apartment is roughly $3500 where the same size apartment will run you around $800 in Arkansas (RentCafe.com). Housing cost 379% more in New York when compared to Arkansas. Health insurance rates will skyrocket as well. The average health insurance for Arkansas is right around $2800 (Valuepenguin.com) with New York coming in over double the price with at $6800.(Empirecenter.org) When businesses raise a minimum wage, theyre also having to give raises to the employees who make more than minimum wage. Who wants to go to a four-year school, spend thousands of dollars for classes and then come out making $15/hr for a nursing job when they could go flip burgers at the local burger joint for $11 and not be liable for someones life? When employees get raises, then the cost of goods rise as well affecting the overall cost of living. Along with cost of living going up, there will be a rise in the unemployment rate as well. It is simple economics when it comes to this aspect of raising the minimum wage. Non-skilled labor jobs are easy to come by. An employer will pay X amount to this position. When the wage gets over that threshold, the employer will be less likely to hire for this position. What this equals is that position going away altogether, instead of being paid a lower wage. Now that job along with the services it provided are gone. Economist Richard Vedder quotes If the price of something rises, people buy less of it including labor. Thus governmental interferences such as minimum-wage laws lower the quantity of labor demanded. What he is saying is basically clarifying what is written above. On February 2017, Wendys CEO Bob Wright states there is a 4% increase in wages across the board in his company. First, they could cut margins, but with an 8% margin, thats unlikely. The second option is to raise prices. Given how price-sensitive consumers are these days, that too is a non-starter. Finally, the firm could reduce the amount of labor they use and thats exactly what they did. Wendys eliminated 31 hours of labor per location, per week.(businessinsider.com) Now, the whole purpose of raising the minimum wage was really aimed at this market of employees which are the non-skilled jobs. Well, now that they have cut hours but the business is open so what now. Wendys CIO David Trimm states they will be installing automated ordering kiosk into 16% of their stores by the end of 2017 and their machines would pay off in a two year time frame because of the savings by reducing wages. Wendys is not the only one going to the automated route. McDonalds is going the automated route also specifically in the New York and Seattle Markets.(businessinsider.com) Why those markets? Because they have some of the highest minimum wages in the nation. As long as states continue to raise minimum wage, these low skilled jobs will be killed off. In a survey of 1,213 businesses and human resources professionals, 38% of employers who currently pay minimum wage said they would lay off some employees if the minimum wage was raised to $10.10.(https://minimum-wage.procon.org) Thats not even $11.00 an hour or an even higher wage as some think it should be. Taking an educated guess, that number would be pushing 50% at $11.00. If there is a company ten employees making minimum wage at $10.10, that is $404 a week. Going up to $11 would mean an additional $36 a week. Given that employee is full time and works a full forty hour work week. They would make an additional $1,872 a year for one employee. Now the company has ten employees, that is a humongous increase of nearly $19,000. Depending on the business, that could be the entire budget for the year. Now that company is having to layoff to afford to pay rent, utilities, and insurance on their building. For a small business paying ten high school kids $8.50/hr for 17 hours a week. That is $1,445 per week and $75,140 for the year. With the increase to $11/hr that yearly figure now goes up a whopping $22,100 for the year. The employer is going to cut hours and/or employees to get that cost back down to a manageable figure. Minimum wage jobs are aimed at students and young adults that are making money while furthering their education. 50.4% of all minimum wage jobs are held by kids and young adults aging from 16 24. Most employers are going to be less likely to hire a 16 year old high school student for $11/hr that they deem worthy of $8.50/hr. There is a catch phrase used commonly when talking about minimum wage and that is you cant raise a family on minimum wage Minimum wage is not designed to raise a family on. It was created in 1938 by President Roosevelt and was intended to deliver fair labor standards throughout the country(historynewsnetwork.org) The unemployment rate for ages 16-19 is roughly 20%, increasing the minimum wage is only going to make this number go up. A lot lower than other age groups proving that a high minimum wage is causing employers to not hire unskilled workers. In 2009 whe n Chicago raised their minimum wage, there was a 9% spike in teenage unemployment in three months. According to a study by Thomas A. Mroz, PhD, and Timothy H. Savage, PhD, for the Employment Policies Institute, those experiencing unemployment at an early age have years of lower earnings and an increased likelihood of unemployment ahead of them. Teenagers and young adults need jobs at their age to teach them life values like going to work when you really do not want to, getting along with co-workers when times are rough and the feeling of accomplishment of finishing a project or goal at a job. Without these, there would be a lot more unemployed teenagers which is only going to lead to higher crime rates and more unemployed adults. The last example of why a higher minimum wage is bad is the cost of goods will increase. Other than automation which was discussed earlier the establishment is going to pass the rising labor cost onto the consumer at a 100%. Higher wages in hotels are going to cause an increase in guest rooms and meeting rooms. A simple cup of coffee in Oakland, CA rose 10-20% when the rate was increased to $12.25. When the minimum wage was raised to $10 in Chicago, a cup of coffee jumped 6.7% (NBCNews.com). Hamburgers are either going to increase in price or the size of the patty is going to decrease to help offset the labor cost. In closing, there have been several examples discussed of why raising the minimum wage is not a great idea. It is not designed to live on nor provide for the family. It will only make the the low income individuals fall into poverty level income. It will push employers to either lay off workers or close up business completely. Teenagers are less likely to find work which will lead to higher dropout rates of school, higher crime rates and even more of a percentage of citizens unemployed and living in poverty followed by the skyrocketing of the cost of living in general. The minimum wage should be used as a floor of wages and utilized as a stepping stone in the workforce and not a way of living forever. Work Cited 2019 Minimum Wage Rates by State. Labor Law Education Center: Learn About Labor Laws in Your State, www.laborlawcenter.com/state-minimum-wage-rates/. Little Rock, AR Rental Market Trends. Apartments for Rent RENTCaf, www.rentcafe.com/average-rent-market-trends/us/ar/little-rock/. Cost of Living Comparison: Compare Spokane, Washington to Rancho San Diego, California, www.bestplaces.net/cost-of-living/little-rock-ar/new-york-ny/81000. NY Health Insurance Costs Surge. Empire Center for Public Policy, www.empirecenter.org/publications/new-yorks-health-insurance-costs-surge/. Kwak, James. The Curse of Econ 101. The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 14 Jan. 2017, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/01/economism-and-the-minimum-wage/513155/. Research, Garret/Galland. Minimum Wage Hikes Are Causing Businesses to Cut Jobs. Business Insider, Business Insider, 16 Mar. 2017, www.businessinsider.com/minimum-wage-leads-to-job-losses-2017-3. Goddard, Alexander. Why Was the Minimum Wage First Established? History News Network, historynewsnetwork.org/article/164635. Flows, Capital. Lets Eliminate The Minimum Wage For Teenagers. Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 7 Apr. 2014, www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/04/07/lets-eliminate-the-minimum-wage-for-teenagers/#1a7ce3377255. The Long-Term Effects of Youth Unemployment. Employment Policies Institute, www.epionline.org/studies/r51/. Cost of Cup of Coffee Often Climbs After Minimum Wage Hikes. NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, www.nbcnews.com/business/consumer/cost-cup-coffee-climbs-after-minimum-wage-hikes-n394076.