Mad Shadows

Compare and contrast. The topic I have chosen to discuss is the function and meaning of dreams and dreaming in fantasy texts. Dreaming, in this context, is an implicit representation of the characters ideals and their wants. I believe the function of dreaming in fairy tales to be a temporary escape from ones reality, a reflection of ones true desires, as well as a tool that gives dimension to the characters, while at the same time allowing the reader to better understand the mind of the characters.This is demonstrated with the characters of Cinderella, in the different versions of Cinderella in the classic Fairy Tales, as well as with Isabelle Marie, in Mad Shadows. In Mad Shadows, the main character Isabelle Marie is deemed â€Å"ugly† by her mother, and for this reason is treated as virtually a slave and made to tend to the needs of her mother and more beautiful brother Patrice, who gets all of their mothers attention for being beautiful. Isabelle Marie then meets Michel, a blind boy with whom she falls in love with, and he with her on the pretense of her lying to him about being beautiful.During scenes where she is running around the meadow with him, temporarily escaping her life, she dreams of being beautiful and accepted by Michel. , almost to the point of delusion. â€Å"Wishing to be beautiful will probably make me beautiful, thought Isabelle Marie, to justify her game. † (p. 42. ), game being her deception of Michel. Her being beautiful would make her situation much different. Her mother would accept her, Michel would accept her, and so she believes her life would be easier and naturally much better would she be beautiful.Dreaming in these texts proves a temporary escape from the situations of these young girls who are in less than desirable positions. Another function of dreaming in these texts would be a reflection of the characters true desires, in this case a longing to be accepted and loved. Isabelle Marie does not feel loved and acce pted. Her mother Louise does not accept or love her daughter because she is not seen as beautiful as her brother Patrice. Michel, the boy she meets and falls in love with, falls in love with her because Isabelle Marie lies and tells him she is beautiful. She wanted to be in love, to be beautiful. Both of them were pure, for in [her] longed a desire for perfect beauty (p. 36). This demonstrates Isabelle Marie’s desperation to be accepted and loved. Both Cinderella and Isabelle Marie’s true desires are to be accepted and loved, one through meeting her prince charming, and the other through becoming physically beautiful. Lastly, dreaming serves as a functional tool in fantasy texts as a way of giving characters more dimension, as well as allowing the reader to comprehend the mind and actions of the characters.In Mad Shadows, the look we are given into Isabelle Marie’s wants allow us to understand why she acts certain ways that otherwise would seem evil and without purpose. When Louise goes on a trip and Isabelle Marie starves and taunts her brother Patrice to the point of illness, we understand why she feels the need to commit such acts: â€Å"By depriving him of food she could make him pale and wan, and this creature who had never known the touch of misery would become her puppet. † (p. 15). -concept of foreshadowing- Cinderella-

Big Spaceship

Big Spaceship feels, as an agency, it should continue to grow while still keeping the boutique culture that brought the company success. There is no clear direction as to how the company should grow. Big Spaceship is unique, so its specific market could soften at any time, which would most likely lead to layoffs. Currently, Big Spaceship is a privately held company. One option would be to open the company up the public to gain capital which would put the company in a good position for sustainable growth.Like other ad agencies that have sold out to holding companies, selling out could help stabilize growth within the ad agency. Big Spaceship could open up a satellite office with key inner circle employees, which would allow for growth, while keeping the small boutique image. Opening Big Spaceship up to the public has a high probability of generating a large amount of capital due to the company's past success. This however, would leave the company open to pleasing shareholders, which c ould move away from Big Spaceship's culture.Selling to a holding company would be beneficial short term. The holding company would provide support and stability during down turns in the ad agency market sector. In the long run, the holding company's ideas may overshadow Big Spaceship's vision. Adding a satellite office with trusted employees at the head, would allow for growth while still keeping the vision aligned with the main office. It would generate autonomy with the satellite office. Big Spaceship tried a satellite office once in Los Angles, but closed shortly due to differentiating cultures.Although it did not work in LA, it could potentially work in another location. The best recommendation would be to find a holding company that fits Big Spaceship's vision well. Although it's not ideal to be under a holding company's control, it provides the best stability for down turns in the market. If the holding company is a good fit, there is great potential for Big Spaceship to keep its vision, boutique culture and continue to be successful.

A specific foreign culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A specific foreign culture - Assignment Example That is to say that the paper will brief us on how different was communication in the past as compared to the present in terms of the reasoning and therefore give the outcome. These and many more will be featured in this research project. Culture can be said to be the communication system. It is the way people relate to one another in terms of customs and values. It is the focal point in terms of peoples’ relationship. What am saying is that culture brings people together and they are able to understand from each other, relate to one another and able to identify themselves from the rest of the groups. And in fact, Eric O. Ayisi in his book: Introduction to the Study of African Culture, defines culture as a sum total of the material and intellectual equipment whereby they satisfy their biological and social needs and adapt themselves to their environment (1). It is therefore the people’s practices and beliefs that differentiate them from others. On the other hand, interp ersonal communication is a close link in terms of passing of ideas between two or more people but within a small group. It is all about passing of information from one individual to the next with the view of enhancing fluent communication. The kisii people have got a culture that defines and give them identity. Their communication systems were arranged in such a way that hierarchical order was the determinant factor; that no information could be passed to the children without first reaching the elders from which the information would pass to the rest of the community members. This was to ensure that respect is in place and that the elders are much more experienced in community issues and any emerging issues can be easily dealt with by the elders than it could be done by women and children. Perhaps it is good to mention different ways through which information was passed for easy communication. First, we will look at how communication was done within the context of the family and the n communication within the community at large. The interpersonal communication within the family was very basic. As Owen Hargie puts it in his book: Skilled Interpersonal Communication: Research, Theory and Practice, communication therefore represents the very essence of the human condition (2). This is where every member of the family was required to keep in touch with one another. All male children were directly linked to their father and their counterparts, the female children linked to their mother. Not at any time one could break such a system. In fact, Scott Loveless and Thomas Holman in their book: The Family in the New Millennium: World Voices Supporting the "Natural" Clan, Volume 1 puts it clearly that the family is the exclusive social unity sanctioned to nurture the inborn, instill human behaviors, and ensure that human rules and laws spinning around emotions and interactions are respected (94). All male children were therefore advised by their fathers and the elders on t he task ahead of them. For instance, getting ready to take care of homestead at large or even getting prepared to be the warriors of the village. On the other hand, female children were advised by their mothers and the grandmothers on how to cook, fetch water and how to behave more especially in front of the elders and men at large. Children were there

Student Investment Management Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Student Investment Management Report - Essay Example The firm sells its products to over 175 countries which gives it a very, wide, firm market share. The firm’s objective is to make use of electrical, mechanical and hydraulic power more efficient, reliable and sustainable. The sectors the company deals in include; Aerospace, hydraulics, filtration and vehicle. Eaton’s 2013 revenue was $ 22 billion. Eaton’s business segments include; Aerospace, hydraulics, vehicle and sale of electrical products. Sale of electrical products accounts for the largest revenues followed by vehicles. The Aerospace segment is a leading supplier of aerospace fuel, hydraulic and pneumatic systems for commercial and military use. Products produced in the aerospace segment include; motors, pumps and hydraulic power units. The hydraulics segment is a leader in hydraulics components, systems and services for industrial and mobile equipment. The hydraulic segment made 15% of its sale in 2013 to 4 large distributors of electrical products and electrical systems and services. The vehicle and automotive segment is a leading supplier of powertrains and drivetrain systems for fuel economy, efficient performance and safety of commercial vehicles. Components supplied in hydraulic systems include; valves, cylinders and electronic controls. The electrical products and electrical systems and services accounts for the highest revenues for the company. Eaton has a competitive position in this segment. The firm’s competitive advantage includes its leading in aerospace energy efficient systems. Eaton’s hybrid electric power train combine a diesel engine and electric motor to drive the vehicle which is unique and gives the product a competitive advantage. Also Eaton’s diversification into aerospace, automobile, hydraulics and electrical businesses have also reduced the business risk of the company. Eaton has also made a number of acquisitions which have increased the firm’s competitive edge. Eaton acquired Westinghouse

Oes the molecular weight of polymers affect the performance of polymer Research Paper

Oes the molecular weight of polymers affect the performance of polymer (organic) solar cells - Research Paper Example (b) Key among these factors is the physical properties of bulk heterojunction, which plays a significant role (Kingsley et al. 22). Components of bulk heterojunction require a broad absorption response in the solar spectrum, which then ensure efficient harvesting of the photons. (c) In addition, the energy levels donor, which is usually a conjugated polymer, need to match with that of the electron acceptor, which typically is a derivative of fullerene (Intemann et al. 3190). This implies that the donor polymer needs to possess a deep highest occupied molecular orbital, which will ensure a large open circuit voltage (Xiao et al. 75). (a) The molecular weight of a conjugated polymer influences the effective conjugated chain (Liu et al. 12165). Therefore, molecular weight makes the electrical and optical properties of the polymers to vary, which improves the performance of polymer solar cells. (b) Prior to conducting and finalizing the research papers, the writers expect that correlations will be evident between the molecular weight and voltage, light absorbance, and current density of solar cells. These correlations will be further investigated and addressed in depth in the final report. Intemann, Jeremy J. et al. â€Å"Molecular Weight Effect on the Absorption, Charge Carrier Mobility, and Photovoltaic Performance of an Indacenodiselenophene-Based Ladder-Type Polymer.† Chemistry of Materials 25.15 (2013): 3188–3195. ACS Publications. Web. 5 Mar. 2015. Kingsley, James W. et al. â€Å"Molecular Weight Dependent Vertical Composition Profiles of PCDTBT: PC71BM Blends for Organic Photovoltaics.† Scientific Reports 4 (2014): n. pag. www.nature.com. Web. 5 Mar. 2015. Xiao, Zeyun et al. â€Å"Effect of Molecular Weight on the Properties and Organic Solar Cell Device Performance of a Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymer.† Polymer Chemistry (2015): n. pag. pubs.rsc.org. Web. 5 Mar.

Changes in Accounting Due to Globalization Assignment

Changes in Accounting Due to Globalization - Assignment Example Financial accounting refers to information that describes the financial resources, obligations, and activities of the business organization. Management accounting involves the development and interpretation of accounting information designed to assist management (Wiliam and Haka, 2005, p. 5-6). These two accounting systems differ in the dimensions of users to whom the information is produced, the structure of the information, sources of principles for both, report entity, purpose, need and time orientation etc. Financial accounting is basically concerned with producing financial information and reports like financial statements for external users including investors, creditors, government agencies, customers, and banks etc. But, managerial accounting is concerned with producing and providing accounting information for all internal users including managers for decision making, planning and controlling (Heitger and Mowen, 2007, p. 6) Khan (2007) emphasizes that the users of information produced by financial accounting other than management are often a faceless group. Normally, the managers of many companies do not personally know the shareholders or creditors etc. But, users of management account are within the organization like managers and those who help managers produce this information (p. 7) The information is presented in a different structure in management accounting and financial accounting. Financial account must follow a single and unified structure as the information related or presented in different organizations must be more or less in a uniform structure. Balance sheet, profit, and loss account or income statement and cash flow statements are the end products of financial accounting. The balance sheet is a financial position statement of the business for a particular period of time, generally for a financial year.  

Gateway Project for Snowtown Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gateway Project for Snowtown - Case Study Example In order to reverse this abysmal trend, my plan proposes the design and implementation of a project that will establish two main gateway signs, to be located in two strategic sites in the town. The overall rationale behind this decision is to present Snowtown to commuters before their entry into the district. It will also serve as a quick reference to what is on offer and where it can be obtained within the premise of the city. The project envisages beyond given the town an aesthetic phase lift to also providing a one stop coordinating network of the town's iconic and signing outlay. To be incorporated in the project is the construction of public services centers at definite locations within the overall framework of the project. Snowtown by virtue of her location is the most preferred route for road users commuting to and fro Adelaide and Port Piere. Owing to this significant advantage, it is incumbent on the city planners to identify how to enhance the comparative advantage of this phenomenon within the established context of road transport. A recent survey indicates that, most travelers know little or nothing about this boisterous town besides cruising through it to their intended destinations. The project therefore, desires to embark on a massive publicity campaign that will showcase the township as an appealing tourism destination that will treat visitors to a delightful exhibition of the rich cultural heritage of Snowtown. It will serve as a platform to tap into the vibrant agricultural legacy for which the township is reputed for. In the case of Snowtown, besides the conventional road signage, there is a conspicuous gap in the provision of other equally relevant information outposts that presents the town in a unique fashion with the view of marketing it. In recognition of the above fact, there has been a remarkable move by government in recent times to explore within available provisions to pursue viable programmes that spurs sustainable economic improvement nationwide of which infrastructural development ranks high. The government's policy is motivated by the knowledge that given the relevant policy backing, cities and towns within the local government and decentralization programme can be challenged under available resources to resuscitate their dormant economic forces and also discover other fallow segments that have hitherto been overlooked. This is the basis upon which, this project is in resonance with an overall national agenda of economic development using infrastructural improvement as a catalyst to achieve this goal. Judging from the above, it cannot be disputed that this project is not only timely, but also connected with the long held value system that defines the township and people of Snowtown. It provides an opportunity to seal the patches that are causing leakages to the economic, social and tourist endowments in the intended project implementation locations. When all is said and done, the project will have immediate benefits to the current generation with rippling effects on posterity. 1.2Project Overview A) Project Title:

Education based on two readings, one from Poor Economics and one from Assignment

Education based on two readings, one from Poor Economics and one from The Elusive Quest for Growth - Assignment Example s chairman Jacques Delors state, ‘education is one of the principle means available to foster a deeper and more harmonious form of human development and thereby to reduce poverty, exclusion, ignorance, oppression and war’. This has developed consciousness of the people in the developing countries acquisition of education shall assess these people to overcome poverty. The claims that the education shall simultaneously bring social, economical and cultural prosperity has capture minds of these people, as a result there has been a rapid increase in the primary and secondary schools. Easterly (2001), in the article highlights the adverse impacts of education with the help of different statistical information of different countries. He states that response of economic growth with the educational explosion lacks association (Easterly). According to Easterly no positive relation between economic growth and the growth in schooling has been observed this is because of the reason of rapid growth in human capital (Easterly). Due to the massive expansion of the education there has been a significant decline in the growth of output per workers during 1980’s. The study highlights that the initial schooling has a positive result on the productivity growth, whereas the countries with the high initial human capital can grow faster through indirect effect of human capital on the growth productivity (Banerjee and Duflo). In addition, the growth rate of countries has been associated with the human capital growth; the studies show that the key of the development is based on the capital growth and physical capital contribution. This eventually decreases young workers as they are engaged with their studies. On the other hand, the wages increase with the experiences due to which it lowers human capital. The studies of Easterly and Banerjee and Duflo it can be determined that growth in the schooling is not the only factor to influence economic growth, whereas, the study highlights

Culture Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Culture Development - Essay Example A few examples include the learning a belief, way of doing things, even if they do not share a biological relationship which has led to development of the human "instincts". According to anthropologist, culture is not a product of biological evolution, but it is rather a mean of human adaptation to the world. Culture enables humans to change rapidly to the physical changes in the earth. The cultural phenomena is universal however, cultural adaptations changes from place to place with different set of meanings from place to place and people to people. As the culture has a symbolic system, it meanings also differs from place to place with changing beliefs, myths, rituals, tools making, house design, living and eating habits. A few anthropologists differentiate between symbolic and material culture, however since 1980 majority of archeologists agree, that the symbolic culture and material culture are interwoven and symbolic culture is expressed through material culture. Culture normally has certain unique characteristics such as: (a) symbols, which is an abstract way of referring to objects, ideas and feelings with the help of language;(b) culture is shared with in a group; (c) culture is not hereditary, but learned, even though people differ biologically, culturally they can have similar habits and behaviour; and Human being compr(d) Culture is adaptive. People use culture to quickly adjust and adopt to the changes in the world. Culture as a symbol Human being comprehends and communicates in symbols. It is these symbols, which allow people to develop complex ideas and thoughts with other people and language and arts are symbolic in nature, which makes it easier than gestures to express human emotions through symbols. A symbol some times has a relation or may not have any association with an object or idea. For example for Americans, the combination of white, blue and red colour has special meaning, the people in China consider red colour sacred one. In reality such colour may not have any practical purpose, but if these colour are combined in a shape of flag, people are willing to die for it as it stands as a symbol of honour for a nation. In order to convey, new ideas, human being has to constantly create new symbols and add more meanings to their expressions and feelings. Sometimes, one word is used to convey an idea, and some times combination of words are used to convey some deeper meaning. Human beings right from birth are able to construct and comprehend such complex symbols. Language provides a mean to store and communicate such expression, but some times it exceeds the capacity of the non-human animal. For example Chimpanzees, which are the closest genetic relative to human have few unique calls and gestures to communicate with each other. Chimpanzee in the lab experiments have been taught to communicate in sign language and were able to master a vocabulary of few hundred words, however chimpanzees do not have developed vocal tract like human beings. Culture through Learning Human beings are not born with culture, it is rather learned by living in a society. In all human societies children learn culture by imitating adults through the process of enculturation, which takes years to complete. In all human societies, children learn culture from adults and this process is called enculturation, or cultural transmission. However, it is not only

The Theme and Narrative Elements Essay Example for Free

The Theme and Narrative Elements Essay The story of â€Å"The Welcome Table† by Alice Walker (1970), theme tells the story of an old black woman name Clara Ward, who worked as a slave for the whites the majority of her lifetime, who knows the feeling or fears of being an aged black woman, alone and no longer had a use or a purpose in her life. I say this because it was mentioned at the beginning of the story, and mist of the story the whites were not accepting of her, and at the end the black saw her in the streets walking in the cold and offered her no assistance, Every story narrows a broad underlying idea, shapes it in a unique way, and makes the underlying idea concrete. Thats how theme is created. In other words, the theme in a story is a representation of the idea behind the story (Clugston, 2010). Points of view, Tones, settings †¦ The setting of this story seems as though it takes place during the progressive era, during the age of segregation or the end of slavery in the U.S. My knowledge of this was gathered when Clara stumbled into a white church, and the pastor of the church told her she was in the white church, and the message was also clear to me when she was asked by the usher with blond hair to leave the church, and told her she needed to go to â€Å"Your Church†. Alice Walker the author set the story up in a fashion that named jobs or roles the old lady played as a house slave, this was another view point of her from the white church people, the pastor of the church called her his aunt (she helped raise him), and the usher in the church called her grandmother (she helped raise him). See more: how to start a narrative essay The old lady in the story began to fall ill walking in the cold weather, and she began to imagine an experience with Jesus; she sees the image of a Jesus who was white, the same image that was white, the same image that was on the picture she took from a white woman she use to work for (Clara hoped that Jesus would over look that). Clara had a vision of herself walking and talking with Jesus, who she loved and trusted all her days and she was able to tell Jesus, how the white people mistreated her, through her life, and shortly after she pasted on to heaven. The narrative expression in the story spoke of details explaining the old ladies appearance, the wording pictured her as poor, and did the best she could when it came to her appearance, and the narrator told the story as if we were in her shoes, making me as a reader to fill pity on the old lady. The narration also expressed the fact that Ms. Clara the old woman was a former slave who raised a generations of white children, who grew to be adults and they still showed her little to no respect (underlying theme); Where they should have been very appreciative, but because this was a time of segregation in the United states, a time when the whites and blacks live separate lives. Clara still praised Jesus in the white church, the Jesus who she knows as white, she never lost her faith, but the white people in the church who knew her kicked her out of the church, they unknowingly contributed to her losing her life. Clara died in the same she was treated in life cold and alone. Reference: Alice Walker (1970). The Welcome Table (Short story); Literary Cavalcade, Vol. 55 Issue 5, p32 Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into Literature. San Diego, CA. Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Maitre D Technical Solution Example

Maitre D Technical Solution Example Maitre D is a proposed technical solution that can be implemented into Pastries a Go-Go to address the current problems and concerns for further expansion of the business. It is the best choice for small and midsize catering businesses because of its seamless integration, flexible feature set, and enormous library of training and support resources. It begins at $50 per month per workstation or an upfront purchase of $1,000 per workstation. (Schuman, 2017) The system is specifically designed for hospitality and is used globally throughout the industry and is very easy to use by managers and employees. MaitreD is one of the most feature-rich and customizable restaurant POS Systems on the market. (Maitredpos.com, 2017) MaitreD offers hundreds of features that you can customise and tailor for you daily operations and business needs. Thus, when the business changes, the system can also adjust accordingly making for a seamless transition. MaitreDs real time inventory management solution provides up-to-date inventory counts 24 hours a day. Traditional time consuming inventory management tasks such as counting inventory, generating and receiving orders, and entering transfers or wastes are greatly reduced in time and effort. (Maitredpos.com, 2017) MaitreD Inventory Management tracks stock levels, alerting you when supplies reach your minimum level as well as placing orders through for delivery of new stock items. If you have multiple locations, youll easily requisition and track inventory from one location to another. With fully integrated PO management features, it is possible to define minimum stock levels, so that the system automatically generates shopping lists to simplify inventory replenishment. These lists may be grouped according to vendor, or by inventory category and even provide an estimated budget for replenishing the inventory back to predefined levels. (Maitredpos.com, 2017) Shopping lists are then sent through so orders can be dispatched to the location required, tracking the driver and delivery times. MaitreD offers a powerful wizard function that refers to sales history and future projections to determine which items to order and in which quantities. (Maitredpos.com, 2017) The purchase order wizard can generate purchase orders based on minimum and maximum inventory levels, based on the production schedule, or based on sales history. (Maitredpos.com, 2017) The Inventory module offers numerous reports that provide an in-depth analysis of food costs, usage, variances, and sales trends. MaitreDs system architecture is built on a SQL platform, making it very easy to interface or integrate your existing IT solutions. It also provides system hardware integration services, merchant staff training, system installation services, and post-sale software and hardware support services. (Maitredpos.com, 2017) MaitreD places the utmost importance on customer service. More than 100+ active resellers around the world have been trained and certified to provide first class service on our POS solutions. (Maitredpos.com, 2017) There are multiple locations throughout Australia which can easily cater to a mobile business with multiple locations. MaitreD Inventory Management tracks stock levels, alerting you when supplies reach your minimum level as well as placing orders through for delivery of new stock items. If you have multiple locations, youll easily requisition and track inventory from one location to another. It also accurately calculates high-margin items and optimize pricing for low-margin items. MaitreD Inventory Management handles ordering too. It searches all your suppliers for the best price, generates POs, and sends the information to your accounting system. MaitreD places the utmost importance on customer service. More than 100+ active resellers around the world have been trained and certified to provide first class service on our POS solutions. There are multiple locations throughout Australia which can easily cater to a mobile business with multiple locations. It also accurately calculates high-margin items and optimize pricing for low-margin items. MaitreD Inventory Management handles ordering too. It searches all your suppliers for the best price, generates POs, and sends the information to your accounting system. The system will let your customers place orders online or across their mobile networks. MaitreD online ordering is completely integrated with the POS, so the data about every order becomes part of your overall business and marketing analytics. MaitreD doesnt just take orders, it sells for you. This would be very beneficial during peak sales. The system would automate the process managers did manually in the previous model allowing them  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   to focus on service during peak hours without the worry of running out of stock or stopping service to make a reorder. MaitreD simplifies your business operations. It makes it simpler to deliver great service. Simpler to drive great performance and simpler to manage inventory. (Maitredpos.com, 2017)

Essay --

What is Prison? What is Rehab? A prison or jail is a facility in which individuals are forcibly confined and denied a variety of freedoms under the state’s form of discipline. The use of prisons is as part of a criminal justice system, that charge individuals of convicted of crimes and are confined to a jail or prison. â€Å"Drug rehabilitation is a term for the processes of medical treatment, for dependency on substances such as alcohol, prescription drugs, and street drugs such as cocaine, heroin or amphetamines† (Russel). . The reason for the rehab is to allow the patient to delete substance abuse out of their lives, so they can avoid the legal, physical consequences, social financial that can cause major problems. Treatment provides counseling by experts and sharing of experience with other addicts and, also, medication for depression or other disorders. There are also rehab centers that contain meditation and spiritual wisdom in the treatment process. â€Å"Drug possession is the crime of havi ng one or more illegal drugs in one's possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise† (Trejo). Illegal drugs break into brackets. A sentence varies; they can rely on the quantity, the kind of drug, the circumstances, and the jurisdiction. Those convicted on drug possession charges face a wide gamut of penalties at the sentencing, varying from state to state. Penalties for simple possession range from a fine of less than $100 and/or a few days in jail to thousands of dollars and several years in state prison for the same offense. Straightforward drug possession sentences tend be prone to have less harsh penalties, while if caught distributing drugs or the cultivation/manufacturing of drugs carry much heavier penalties. Prosec... ...nce and send them to rehab or the decision of harsh punishment which is to send them to prison. Although I believe drug addicts should go to rehab instead of prison there are individuals who take advantage of rehab treatment, and would rather sit in jail. Consequently drug related criminals whether possession or trafficking take up a third of United States Correctional facilities, and it would make sense to allow those who want to get better to go to rehab instead of taking up space in the prisons. Various types of programs offer help in drug rehabilitation, including: residential treatment in-patient, out-patient, local support groups, extended care centers, recovery or sober houses, addiction counselling, mental health, orthomolecular medicine and medical care. Some rehab centers offer age- and gender-specific programs. These programs cannot be offered in prison.

Project Management Essay example -- Business Research

Project Management Although a development team does most of the work, it is the project manager that is running the development process. All human activity that involves carrying out a project needs a plan. We call this Project Management. But there is a big difference between projects that involve one or two people and projects that involve large numbers of people. There is always a smaller group of individuals behind all larger groups that is planning, directing, and motivating those people. There are three main parts to project management: start date, finish date, and all the tasks that need to be carried out. When the plan starts to involve different things happening at different times, most of which are dependant upon each other, the plan can start to take up an enormous amount of time and space. This is why you must start with a strong plan. Now days there are computer programs that tend to produce answers long after the events have taken place. These project planning and scheduling pr ograms provide real information, risk analysis, time recording, costing, estimating and many other types or project management. But these programs are not at all project management. Project management is control, leadership, teamwork, managing of resources, and a basic knowledge for the project. Project managers are found in every industry, from architects to policeman. There is a demand for more and more people who have the necessary skills it takes to manage a team or a project. The main concerns of a project manager are time, quality, and cost control. These are what drive these managers to be the most efficient as possible. â€Å"The success of a project will depend upon the effort, care and skill you apply in its initi... ...ble components in terms of size and complexity. The major type of graph used is a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). WBS is very project oriented. Other charts that could be used are Gantt charts and Load charts. As we move into the future there is more and more demand for great leaders no matter the line of work you are in. It seems that less people are able to think for themselves anymore, it is like everyone is becoming robots to technology. I feel that this is creating an enormous door for the people who can lead others into this new frontier. It seems that there are fewer people who have the skills or even who are willing to do this. There are great rewards for the people who recognize this new movement and want to take control of large businesses. So as time moves on we will see how this new technology revolution ends up and who the leaders will be.

Domestic Violence: Why Do Women Stay? Essay -- Violence Against Women E

What is battering? Why do men batter? Why do women stay? These are all questions that I will answer. I will also offer insight into the minds of victims that may help give a better understanding to the devastating cycle that hides behind the doors of many homes today that is known as Domestic Violence. What is battering? Battering is a pattern of behavior that is used to establish power and control over another person. This control can be obtained through many different avenues. Minimizing, making light of the victims concerns, shifting responsibility and laying blame. Isolation, controlling what the victim does, reads and limiting outside involvement all together, even from family. Intimidation, causing the victim to feel afraid by using looks, gestures, or actions, such as demonstrating violence in her presence. Emotional Abuse, putting the victim down, calling her names, convincing and making her believe she’s crazy, humiliating, depriving her of sleep and playing mind games. Why do men batter? Battering begins and continues because violence is an effective method for gaining and keeping control over another person. Batterer’s usually do not suffer consequences for their behavior, which encourages them to keep up their behavior. They get a sense of security when they have control that makes them feel better about themselves. Some of the characteristics of batterer’s include men that see women as property, they have low self- esteem, they don’t take blame for their behavior, and they appear to be very charming and often are seen as a â€Å"nice guy† to outsiders looking in. They often have traits such as extreme jealousy, possessiveness, unpredictable behavior and a bad temper. "Why do women stay in violent relationships?" is generally answered with a victim-blaming attitude of abuse. They are often accused of having no character or they must like or need bad treatment, otherwise they would leave. Others may be told that they "love too much" or have "low self-esteem." Common sense would probably have most rational people thinking in this way. The truth is that no one enjoys being abused, no matter what kind of emotional state or self-image they may have. Some of the emotions that I experienced in this kind of relationship are isolation, paranoia, shame and embarrassment. As a victim of abuse, I, like many victims, didn’t rea... ...feelings to hopefully numb the pain. Yet, I needed to remember the pain in order to keep my strength to refrain from going back to my husband. Victims go back to their abuser an average of eight times, this is due to the dependency and the feeling that you can’t live without your abuser, which is a belief that is tactfully instilled by the abuser and learned and accepted by the victim. Domestic violence is horrifying, confusing, and disorienting to say the least. With limited support from friends and family and a society that seemingly supports abuse, or rather, punishes victims for leaving their abusers. We, as a whole, ask that famous question, â€Å"Why does she stay?† She stays because there isn’t a way out. Work Cited: 1. Mason, Miles. â€Å"The ABC’s of Divorce† Divorce Source. www.divorcesource.com/TN/ARTICLES/mason1.html 2. Fischer, Kay-Laurel and McGrane, Michael F. Moving Beyond. Saint Paul, MN; Amherst H. Wilder Foundation, 1997. 3. Brown, Cathy. Personal Interview. November 17, 2004. 4. McGee, Susan. Survivor’s Handbook for Battered Women. August 29, 2003.

Concept, nature and limitation of financial accounting Essay

Accounting is the process of recording, classifying, summarizing, analyzing and interpreting the financial transactions of the business for the benefit of management and those parties who are interested in business such as shareholders, creditors, bankers, customers, employees and government. Thus, it is concerned with financial reporting and decision making aspects of the business. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Committee on Terminology proposed in 1941 that accounting may be defined as, â€Å"The art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of a financial character and interpreting the results thereof†. FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING: The term ‘Accounting’ unless otherwise specifically stated always refers to ‘Financial Accounting’. Financial Accounting is commonly carries on in the general offices of a business. It is concerned with revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities of a business house. Financial Accounting has two-fold objective, viz, To ascertain the profitability of the business, and to know the financial position of the concern. NATURE AND SCOPE OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING: Financial accounting is a useful tool to management and to external users such as shareholders, potential owners, creditors, customers, employees and government. It provides information regarding the results of its operations and the financial status of the business. The following are the functional areas of financial accounting:- Dealing with financial transactions: Accounting as a process deals only with those transactions which are measurable interms of money. Anything which cannot be expressed in monetary terms does notform part of financial accounting however significant it is. Recording of information: Accounting is an art of recording financial transactions of a business concern. Thereis a limitation for human memory. It is not possible to remember all transactions ofthe business. Therefore, the information is recorded in a set of books called Journaland other subsidiary books and it is useful for management in its decision making  process. Classification of Data: The recorded data is arranged in a manner so as to group the transactions of similar nature at one place so that full information of these items may be collected under different heads. This is done in the book called ‘Ledger’. For example, we may have accounts called ‘Salaries’, ‘Rent’, ‘Interest’, Advertisement’, etc. To verify the arithmetical accuracy of such accounts, trial balance is prepared. Making Summaries: The classified information of the trial balance is used to prepare profit and loss account and balance sheet in a manner useful to the users of accounting information. The final accounts are prepared to find out operational efficiency and financial strength of the business. Analyzing: It is the process of establishing the relationship between the items of the profit andloss account and the balance sheet. The purpose is to identify the financial strength and weakness of the business. It also provides a basis for interpretation. Interpreting the financial information: It is concerned with explaining the meaning and significance of the relationshipestablished by the analysis. It should be useful to the users, so as to enable them totake correct decisions. Communicating the results: The profitability and financial position of the business as interpreted above arecommunicated to the interested parties at regular intervals so as to assist them tomake their own conclusions. LIMITATIONS OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING: Financial accounting is concerned with the preparation of final accounts. The business has become so complex that mere final accounts are not sufficient in meeting financial needs. Financial accounting is like a post-mortem report. At the most it can reveal what has happened so far, but it cannot exercise any control over the past happenings. The limitations of financial accounting are as follows: 1. It records only quantitative information. 2. It records only the historical cost. The impact of future uncertainties has no place in financial accounting. 3. It does not take into account price level changes. 4. It provides information about the whole concern. Product-wise, process-wise, department-wise or information of any other line of activity cannot be obtained separately from the financial accounting. 5. Cost figures are not known in advance. Therefore, it is not possible to fix the price in  advance. It does not provide information to increase or reduce the selling price. 6. As there is no technique for comparing the actual performance with that of the budgeted targets, it is not possible to evaluate performance of the business. 7. It does not tell about the optimum or otherwise of the quantum of profit made and does not provide the ways and means to increase the profits. 8. In case of loss, whether loss can be reduced or converted into profit by means of cost control and cost reduction? Financial accounting does not answer this question. 9. It does not reveal which departments are performing well? Which ones are incurring losses and how much is the loss in each case? 10. It does not provide the cost of products manufactured 11. There is no means provided by financial accounting to reduce the wastage. 12. Can the expenses be reduced which results in the reduction of product cost and if so, to what extent and how? No answer to these questions. 13. It is not helpful to the management in taking strategic decisions like replacement of assets, introduction of new products, discontinuation of an existing line, expansion of capacity, etc. 14. It provides ample scope for manipulation like overvaluation or undervaluation. This possibility of manipulation reduces the reliability. 15. It is technical in nature. A person not conversant with accounting has little utility of the financial accounts.

Modernization Essay

As we begin to ponder the future of modernization, and the possible consequences that are apt to occur, perhaps we should first revisit the definition of modernization. To this end we can start by saying that modernization is thought of as a concept that states that the development of societies can be considered as a standard evolutionary pattern that has a tendency to stimulate growth. It can also be considered as the concept that refers to the process where society goes through several stages, including industrialization, urbanization, and various other social changes, that tend to completely transform the lives of individuals. One must first take into consideration that modernization, taken in-and-of- itself, should not be considered either good or bad. Modernization is not limited to the geographical bounds of the United States but actually affects people worldwide, and has wide ranging effects including politically, socially, economically, and environmentally throughout the entire populated world. Of course, as in most things, there are positive aspects of modernization as well as several consequences. Perhaps it could be posited that Industrialization began the social changes in the United States society that could be referred to as the modernization of the United States. Although there were many changes before industrialization they were perhaps not as wide-ranging or as monumental. For the purposes of this discussion we can say that modernization refers to the changes of social patterns since the time of the industrial revolution (Macionis, J. J. , 2011). These changes are going to continue, so that we can have better and more efficient technology. Our buildings are even being built to endure certain circumstance based on location. We have advanced so much there would be no reason to take a step back now. We are finding more and better ways to improve our everyday lives and makes things easier for an everyday commute. We have changed the way we think and treat people as well. Since we are a more diverse society people don’t judge each other based on their race, gender, sexual orientation, or ethnicity. The way we treat others in the workplace and sexual harassment has changed also sexual harassment is now a serious crime and has consequences. Modernization is a world-wide trend. We often use conference calling for business meetings in foreign countries. Most countries now have access to the World Wide Web as well. Countries are looking for ways to modernize and adapt to the new technology we have available. There are societies and religions that do not believe in modernization such as the Amish. In some societies socialization has become closer among residents while others societies have grown further apart. Schools are adapting to other cultures and standards. Education is changing as well as work ethics and duties. Countries want to find new ways to expand and progress. Japan and China are two countries that have shown major modernization in the last few decades. All countries can benefit from the progression of modernization. Modernization helps to societies as well as has its negative aspects. We will discuss the negative effects later. Technology blends with our society and traditions are often lost. With more technology we find less need for backbreaking labor and many jobs are replaced with machines. Modernization has even affected our environment with pollution. There are positive aspects to modernization as well. As mentioned before the technology helps in the workplace by making things more efficient, faster, and less costly. Modernization has also change the way be build. Many of our buildings are now modernized and more appealing to onlookers. We can now see other parts of the world just by searching the internet. We can socialize with others that are across the globe without leaving our homes. Modernization has led to social, political, economical, cultural changes, and more. We have brought change in society in numerous ways. Modernization has helped to legalize same-sex marriages, abortions and other things that were considered forbidden before. Some fear with the advance in modernization that we may lose sight in religious values. The great thing about modernization is more people are thinking for themselves, and fighting for what they believe in. A study done in china had found that people in underdeveloped areas where more likely to get lung cancer because of smoking in their homes and using solid heat to cook and heat. The study found it was better on their health to live in a more modernized society. The wood and coal used to make their heat and warm their food was also a cause of lung cancer. So modernization, even though it has also caused pollution in the past, can also help us to become more environmentally friendly. This study shows that we are learning from our mistakes and making better choices to make a better future. Modernization has its good qualities as well as its bad. Technology will continue to advance and societies will continue to adapt. We will continue our want and need for something faster, better, and more efficient than the technology we already have. Countries will continue to compete with each other to come out with the latest technology and best advancements. We will continue to accept new trends, ideas, and values. Some traditions will diminish though we will have new advancements to take their place. The U. S. alone has grown to accept new things such as same sex marriage, rights to vote and more. With as advance as we have become worldwide there is no reason for modernization to stop where it is. We can always learn new things, make new things and come together as better communities. We can also learn to adapt and make better choices for our environment to ensure a healthier world for generations to come.

Ikea in Brazil

IKEA IN BRAZIL IKEA’s vision is to create a better everyday life for the many people. The business idea supports this vision by offering a wide range of well-designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them. The IKEA product range focuses on good design and function at a low price. It offers home furnishing solutions for every room in the home. It is co-ordinated so that no matter which style you prefer our designers and product developers work hard to ensure that our products meet your day-to-day needs and eliminates the unnecessary. This business could be successful in Brazil? Brazil is among the ten leading world economic powers. He entered a mild recession in 2009 (-0. 2%), Brazil's economy has regained growth momentum in 2010, boosted by the revival of trade and supported by various recovery measures. Estimated at 7. 5% of GDP, the highest growth in Latin America. In recent years, Brazil has become one of the major powers of economic growth, thanks to reforms to stabilize the economy through the promotion of investment, boost and oil industry consolidation in the world with its exports. Lula's government brought the institutional stability and currently Brazil Dilma Rousseff, the new president, elected in October 2010, pledged to continue the policies of former President Lula. Despite the good economic performance, social issues are important. The country remains one of the most unequal, there are strong regional disparities. IKEA for Brazil represent a window to the outside, as the Brazilian consumer is very attracted to foreign products, especially if we talk about Europe. Since the Brazilian consumer IKEA offers a wide range of practical and high quality products at low prices. The four cities chosen for introduction are: Sao Paolo, Brasilia, Salvador de Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. These cities are chosen because they are the most populated in Brazil. With this information, we will perform an analysis to see if IKEA is possible in the Brazilian market. Besides being the gateway to South America and continue the IKEA expansions.

Limited Use of Cell Phones

Argumentative essay Mobile cell phones should be limited in certain schools Mobile phones can be an issue in certain schools. Mobile phones should be banned in elementary and middle schools. However, phones during class in high school and college should be up to the teacher, whether or not to have them. As youths get older, they become more responsible on how they use their phones. Elementary  schools  shouldn’t  have  phones'  period. The  kids  shouldn’t  have  a  phone  that  young. They  don’t  need  it  for  many  reasons. Parents  know  where  they  are  any  ways. There  is  always  an  adult  around. In  case  of  an  emergency,  the  school  can  contact  the  parents.There  is  also  a  phone  in  the  office  and  every  classroom. Kids  that  young  are  easily  distracted  and  those  having  a  phone  will  make  it  worse. I f  they  have  a  phone,  they  won’t  do  their  class  work  or  homework. They  are  not  as  social  because  they  are  too  distracted  with  the  latest  Smartphone. Kids wouldn’t have as much fun with their friends that are over. They would be too involved in looking at their cell phones. Having  a  cell  phone  when  in  elementary  school  can  help  when  kids  are  walking  home  from  school. If  the  kids  don’t  answer  the  house  phone  when  they  are  home,  they  are  more  likely  to  answer  their  cell  phones.If  they  are  outside,  and  their  parents  try  to  call  they  won’t  hear  the  house  phone. Kids  won’t  bring  out  the  house  phone;  however,  will  bring  their  own  cell  phone. On  the  other  hand,  say  that  a  gr oup  of  5th  graders  are  walking  to  get  a  drink  from  sonic  or  7-elven they have something in case one of the parents wants to text them to see where they are. Middle schools should have phones either during school hours. Middle schoolers can be a little active. When you have a cell phone, they are more likely to cheat during a test. The students are more probable to text parents to get them out of a test or quiz.They are more likely to get into trouble. During class, they could be internet surfing and texting. They also could make wrong calls to authorities. Making an artificial call to authorities can make what you did a lot worse. Some parents think that schools should let students have their phones in use during school. They are a little more independent. They will always change their mind of what they are doing. If they have a parent pick them up, and they do an activity after school, and that activity gets canceled for some reason, the kids have to let the parents know.If a shooting happens during school hours, and the kids made it out, that would be a comfortable thing to do is to let the parents know. However, if they are stick in a classroom for a school shooting, it’s an easy way to text the parents to let them know that they kids are okay. Thankfully, the Deer Creek Middle school shooting happened after school hours, and almost everyone got away safely. The Deer Creek shooting was probably one of the things that scared me. I knew a lot of people that went to the school at the time. A gentleman came to the school grounds and started to shoot as students were leaving to head home.The shooter had gone to the school before to look around. He shot a girl in the arm and a boy in the chest. None of the students died. Students were either already on the bus, walking or getting picked up by a parent. Many students ran to Stony Creek, a nearby elementary school, to get away. Some of the students managed to jump into some strangers’ cars as well. Dr. Benke, a math teacher who was on bus duty, managed to get him onto the ground without getting more rounds off. Students who had phones were able to text friends to see if they were okay and to text parents. High school can be like college.The school should let the teachers pick if students are allowed to have phones or not. Students in high school are a little more responsible. The students know what is wrong and right. Students in high school are a little more responsible. If they really need to use their phones, they will go out into the hallways. For example if they needed to call their parents or any relative, for some reason. Most students are good about not using their phones during tests. Some classes do have some days where they need to look things up and that is where the smart phones come in handy.For example, if you are taking a foreign language class and need to look it up, you have the phone to look it up. That is if the teacher is busy and you can find it in the book. If they teachers don’t say anything about phones they can’t get mad at the students. Cell  phones  should  be  very  limited  in  high  school  but  not  as  strict  as  middle  school. For example,  they  should  be  allowed  during  passing  period  and  lunch  but  not  classes. Phones  should  be  turned  in  when  they  are  taking  a  test  or  quiz. Students  are  allowed  to  get  it  after  everyone  is  done.If  they  have  their  phones  out  the  students  can  take  a  picture  of  it  and  send  it  to  other  students  as  well  as  looking  up  answers. Students could also not pay attention to something that they need to know for college or their career path. They won’t focus on what is really important. Cell phones already take over so much of student’s l ives. College is a big campus to control, that’s why teachers should be allowed to pick whether or not to have cell phones in their classrooms. The president of the university can tell the teachers, that cell aren’t allowed. The students are old enough not to use phones in class.Nevertheless, there are certain times during class that it is appropriate time to use a phone. If a teacher has a more than 30 students, it is hard to see who has a phone or not. Students who are in a class that is not allowed to use a cell phone, may still try to sink using their phone. Many people can be split on phones in class in college. Ages in college, especially at Metro vary. Students who are older may have kids and need to be in contact with their kids. If they have later classes between one and three they may have their kid’s text them to let them know that they are home or got over to a friend’s house.As you go up in education the more it will change. Plus, the more yo u have to be responsible for yourself and your actions. Anyone having a cell phone can make you want and not want to do things that you normally do or not do. Students are more likely to use their phones during school than outside of school. With my own experience I’ve noticed that I would use my phone more during class than when I’m out of class. That’s why it should be limited in schools. Like being banned in elementary and middle schools and then having

Assessment Of Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assessment Of Students - Essay Example When assessing learning then the instructors must try to identify specific goals that are set to be achieved in a particular course so that they can gauge the outcome and determine the level at which learning has taken place. Assessment can also make the learning process to be more effective and that are consistent with the course structures and the grading processes to meet the set learning goals (Gà ¼rcan, Dikenelli & Bernon, 2013). It also makes the lecturer be better teachers as they offer specific results on what is working or not in their classrooms and provide a straightforward feedback to the learners about their classroom progress. To assess the students effectively and consistently, the instructor must first provide answers to the following questions: what do they want their students to know and learn? Secondly, what do they do to help their students to learn what they expect they need to understand and know? To get the answer then they should use the following steps: one they should try to identify and articulate what their learners should learn in their classes. Secondly, the instructors should try to develop tools that they can use to measure the levels of the students understanding. Thirdly, they should establish the systems that they will use to compile and analyze the data they have collected using those tools. Finally use the obtained information to improve the curriculum, objectives and even the goals. The nursing course is designed to provide the learners with a wide range of teaching and learning experiences. The class will be sub-divided into smaller group and each group will be allocated a tutor to teach the course. There will be seminars that are specialty based for each of the discipline of the nursing to help focus on the particular health implications and the social policies that are touching on their areas of specialization. Open workshops will also be organized to follow and be  attended by each and every student that is registered for the discussion and debates.

James, Missy, and Alan P. Merickel. Reading Literature and Writing Essay - 1

James, Missy, and Alan P. Merickel. Reading Literature and Writing Argument. 5th - Essay Example Whenever I feel accomplished, satisfied or in more common terms, successful, it is always because of some form of practicing knowledge. Essay Knowledge is power; it is a wealth that never ends. In fact, it increases by sharing; the only treasure out there that swells the more it is shared. What is the link between knowledge and individual power? There is one kind of power, which involves the physical strength, while the other is the brains behind that power, that develops strategies and tactics that channelizes the power and turns it into more productive force. The implied claim in Dickinson’s Much Madness is Divinest Sense (1862) is the knowledge, true and unprecedented, revelation based knowledge comes through madness. It is not the madness that the common people are used to. Majority, as the poem rightfully points out, goes along with ‘much sense’, rationalizations and probably conformity to the norms. The poem claims that the person who possesses knowledge and individual power might appear odd, the one who stands out from the crowd, and the person who has the right amount of madness. The poem by Dickinson doesn’t specifically quote example or evidence. ... History shows us that all great men, possessed some form of knowledge, their knowledge was the only reason history remembers them after thousands of years. Talk about prophets, or logisticians, or philosophers, all possessed great knowledge that was unique to their personality. The way Sherman Alexie learned to read and write through Superman comics. And instead of becoming a pediatrician, he became a writer and a poet. Logos is the primary tool of persuasion in Dickinson’s poem. Logically, the poet tells the reader how the time shapes things, and how people accept ‘sense’ while rejecting ‘madness’. This persuasion does convince the reader as everyone experiences scenarios, where the person who deviates from the norm (sense) is treated as an outcast – an unconscious effort of rejecting knowledge and true power. Langston Hughes Theme for English B (1949) uses a combination of pathos and ethos. He gets the credibility in the poem as he is a color ed student, and that gives him the stance where other would listen to him about his troubles and how the world looks at him, and more importantly what the world expects of him. The emotional stir (pathos) comes in when he gets aggressive and addresses his instructor that whether he likes it or not, he is a part of Hughes, just the way Hughes is a part of the instructor – the gift of being an American; no one can change that. Sherman Alexie’s short story Superman and Me uses pathos as the major persuasion tool. The innocence of an Indian and the kind of difficulties an Indian goes through at school. The audience immediately feels sympathetic towards the Indian student. Probably those who treat them as other species feel guilty. Especially when Sherman tells that

Corporate Social Responsibility - example of a specific organization Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility - example of a specific organization that is building the future urban configuration of cities - Essay Example In Australia, air pollution costs are already very high. Human costs of health are estimated are approximately A$3 billion to A$5.3 billion each year with annual damages to materials, buildings, and property at between 3 and 5 billion Australian dollars, which is 1% of GDP (Ercoskun, 2012: p33). The biggest cause of pollution in the country is cars. Since most people in Australia do not use public transport and are reliant on their cars for transport, the country is among the highest polluter, per capita, in the world. Urban designs have a powerful impact on the quality of air, as well as exposing the population to pollutants. This results in most cities becoming unsustainable, both environmentally and economically. As pollution increases, living in these cities become worse. Most people in Australia have accepted driving to work over long distances and urban sprawl as a way of life. However, this may change because of the threat to supply of oil and increase in its price, enhancemen t of the greenhouse effect, and threat to their health because of poor quality of air (Gibson, 2011: p51). CSIRO has examined various alternatives in the evaluation of their capacity to reduce atmospheric pollution like emissions of greenhouse gases and energy consumption. In the past, similar inquiries have had their basis on subjective assessments concerning city planning and its impact on energy consumption and air quality. However, the magnitude order between various types of city structure has not undergone evaluation in many places, in the world. Integrated air-shed models, transport emissions, and land use that use advanced urban design software and spatial planning assisted researchers in the exploration of the effects that alternative transport, workplace, and residential structures could have on consumption of energy and urban air quality to 2011 (Gibson, 2011: p52). CSIRO examined six alternative future urban scenarios. The first was business as usual with extrapolation o f the current patterns to the future, which are dispersed, low density, and laissez faire. The second alternative was edge city with increased housing densities, population, and employment at elected nodes in the city, as well as increased investment that link edge cities via orbital freeways (Gibson, 2011: p55). The third alternative was corridor cities that focus on linear corridor growth that start from the CBD with support from upgraded public infrastructure. Fringe cities are the fourth alternative that involves additional growth that predominates on the city fringes. Finally, ultra cities involve additional growth that is predominant in provincial cities that lie within 100 km of the capital and are linked via high-speed trains. These urban configurations were applied by CSIRO to Melbourne City based on increased populations from 2.5 to 3.0 million by the year 2013 (Gibson, 2011: p56). Key assumptions in this included increment of residential density, a full uptake of controls of vehicle emissions, a varying ratio concerning private and public transport, and an increase in telecommuting, in specific industries. The results were dramatic in how they impact on quality of urban air. There are several worst-case scenarios identified by CSIRO. Photochemical smog can possibly decrease by 55%

Quality Management and Continuous Improvement DB Week One Essay

Quality Management and Continuous Improvement DB Week One - Essay Example agement in assessing and investigating performance in order to ensure their services are valuable and adhere to established standards (Warren et.al, 2011). For example, cost of auditing workers, software, customer satisfaction and speed of executing services. Prevention costs are the expenses incurred in an effort to minimize appraisal and failure cost (Warren et.al, 2011). For example, the cost of inspecting check-in and check-out processes, evaluating the employee’s performance, inspecting cleanness of the rooms and the process of changing over the rooms at the client’s request. Internal costs are the expenses the hotel will incur in establishing poor services or products such before they are actually offered to the clients (Warren et.al, 2011). For example, inappropriate rooms, delays in check-in, check-out and cost of rearranging the room, repair of the rooms, unoccupied capacity, cost of motivating workers, cost of redirecting clients to other hotels. External failure costs are the cost related to defect in products or services after it has been offered to the clients (Warren et.al, 2011). For example, the customer dissatisfaction with the quality of rooms may cause them fail to continue visiting the hotel in the future. Cost of appraisal and external cost are very essential because they assist the management to evaluate how customers view the services and suggest what the management may do in order to increase customer

Module 3 and Journal Article Review 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Module 3 and Journal Article Review 3 - Essay Example The aging population of Germany, Romania and Sweden causes economic and social stir while each country has their own face of the problem and significant ways on solving it. Germany, Romania and Sweden share a common problem: a rapidly increasing aging population and its implications on the economic and social sector of their respective communities. However, they differ from the kind of effect this problem has done and the approach to meet the rising demand of the elderly care. Germany, as the most populous country in the European Union ironically faces a problem of birth rate decline and higher life expectancies (Weaver, n.d.a). In response, the country strengthened the rules on elderly care with the aim of providing the elderly a high quality of life. The extensive German healthcare systems provide a successful implementation of the German health care for the elderly laws. In fact, the German welfare system is one of Europe’s most comprehensive (Weaver, n.d.a). The countryâ⠂¬â„¢s increasing aging population is projected to have an effect on the country’s economy with a direct impact on the supply of human resource. Germany’s rules are comparable to that of the Sweden. ... nt concerns the disproportionate ratio between the pensioners and the total working force; the pensioners are 6 million while there are only â€Å"4.5 million who are actively employed. This is not just a major economic burden but also has subsequent social impact. If this trend would continue for several years more, the working population would be burdened with taxes. Consequently, the effect is a possible discrimination against the elderly as impotent and costly sector of the community. While Germany and Sweden aim for a high quality of life for its elders, Romania is on a struggle of compensating the needs of their aging population. The two countries mentioned may be fortunate than Romania but their effects would not be least destructing as it would still affect the future workforce. The most probable solution is the import of human resource from less developed countries. Journal Review 3 Germany: Family diversity with low actual and desired fertility--analysis An alarmingly low fertility rate is a demographic holocaust suffered by most developing countries nowadays. In the European nations, Germany is one of the countries to experience this kind of demographic problem and has anticipated adverse effects on the economy despite of its economic achievements. Two contrasting events suffer the demographic situation of modern Germany: first, is the baby boom in the 1960’s and the decline of birth rates in the succeeding decades. Germany is currently facing a challenge on the increasing ageing population with direct effects â€Å"giving rise to a threat to the social security systems† (Dorbritz, 2008). In the article by Jurgen Dorbitz, the writer explores on the core cause of Germany’s ageing population, its reasons and effects on the future of German Economy. Summary

Critiquing and Evaluating a Rheumatoid Arthritis qualitative research Essay

Critiquing and Evaluating a Rheumatoid Arthritis qualitative research paper - Essay Example The domain is chosen because in the process of treatment, patients are questioned about their condition and expert in healthcare are able to study the condition and prescribe care for them. The domain aims to make steady the state of patients (Mason-Whitehead, 2008, p14). This is the data acquired after researches done on patients (Nestor and Schutt, 2012, p24). Although the means to collect the data may not assure 100% credibility, it informs the kind of issues that happen to realise high quality of life. To obtain the qualitative data, a researcher interviews large group of people with the condition, only rheumatic arthritic victims were considered (Creswell, 2012, p.73). Main Body Evidence based practise is an approach in clinical care that is interdisciplinary and which is involved in assessing a condition of health from different angles before recommending the steps to be taken. Evidence based practise entails integration of the available evidence to practitioners and other reso urces to give the required care and promote health with the consideration of the affected (Lewenson and Truglio-Londrigan, 2008, p.18). This implies that circumstances should be looked at to establish the various factors that influence them. From the research evidence, that person will be able to make decisions. In health and social care, evidence based practice helps practitioners to choose the most appropriate care programme to implement on a patient. Through this, the sick are get quality care (Ellis, 2010 p43; Cashin and Cook, 2011 p33). The principles of evidence based practice are that the validity of a decision can only be verified only when research has been conducted in order to inform the situation. In enhancing the life of patient faced by rheumatic arthritis (RA), it is necessary to assess different means to provide care so that a person may be able to understand the issues that are related to provision of care (Madison, Sadowski and Savard, 2009, p87). In caring for pat ients with RA, evidence based practice provided a broad perspective in the information of the processes that work and those that do not assure good results. The domain for enhancing life for patients with long-term conditions is necessary to assess different care programmes that prevail in the process of health care (Eizenberg, 2011, p35). The research paper on the RA was used because choices of steps that are taken to mitigate the condition of the patients take some time to be carried out. The qualitative research evidence it provides can be used to understand the perspective through which people look at the medication they receive. In assessing the research paper on the RA patients, it is important to consider the various aspects of the research framework, which inform the whole paper. For example, it is important to consider the various areas of interest like the statement of goals, objectives as well as present the different issues that are important to the research. The stateme nt of goals of study in a research paper was not done clearly. However, from inference, a reader is able to deduce the objective of the study, objective of the research was stated as a way to examine prescription for patients infected with RA. This step was inevitable to specify activities that can be carried out in order to come up with the evidence, the

Higher Education Task Force Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Higher Education Task Force Report - Essay Example The essay needs to dwell mainly on the role of CBI Higher Education Task Force in reporting on the topic of ‘Stronger together: Government policy on this crucial issue is another aspect, which can determine the guidelines to be formulated. The proposed essay structure needs to present an analysis of the view points of different industry heads on the possibilities of investing funds by them and the government to speed up the process of economic growth. The role of media needs to be pinpointed to know the impact of the campaign on higher education policy. Contribution of media in initiating a national debate through various broadcasting channels would add value to the content of the essay. The government, universities and the businesses are the direct stakeholders while students will reap the benefits indirectly by getting grants on tuition fees and right employment opportunities. Sam Laidlaw is not only the chairman of the CBI HE taskforce but also the chief executive of Centrica. Hopefully, his views should present a clear picture of all aspects including not just employment but the niche area to pay more attention, namely subjects like science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) where the demand of the businesse s on hunting talent has not been fulfilled and is going to rise further in future. Arguments given for creating and developing stronger relations between the universities, government and businesses in turbulent times need to be discussed in the proposed essay to substantiate the steps and recommendations made in the report.

Football definition Essay Example for Free

Football definition Essay Football is a sport defined by its field, equipment, players, and uniforms. Football is a sport with the objective to gain possession of a ball and advance it in running or passing plays across the opponents goal line or kick it through the air between the opponents goalposts. Football is played on a 360 by 160 yard rectangle defined as a field. The players of football are another trait being that each game played consist of 11 players, there is always an offense, a defense, and special teams. In football the uniforms worn consist of tight jerseys so opposing team members can easily be taken down, padded football pants for protective leg covering, high socks to protect their skin from cleats which are shoes with long spikes for the grass fields, and a helmet to protect the head. The equipment used is an oval shaped football. Football is a sport defined by its field, equipment, players, and uniforms. Andrea Dixon Eng. 090-03 May 31, 2012 Instructor Case Definition Paragraph Football I. Topic a. A sport defined by its field, equipment, players, and uniforms. II. Body a. sport i.the object being to gain possession of a ball and advance it in running or passing plays across the opponents goal line or kick it through the air between the opponents goalposts b. field i. played on a field 360 by 160 ii. A game played by two teams of 11 players each on a rectangular c. Players i. A game played by two teams of 11 players each on a rectangular field ii. the offense iii. Defense iv. Special teams d. Uniforms i. Jerseys ii. Padded Football Pants iii. Socks and Shoes iv. helmet v. gloves e. Equipment i. Oval shaped ball III. Conclusion a. A sport defined by its field, equipment, players, and uniforms.

The play, An Inspector Calls is written by J.B Priestley Essay Example for Free

The play, An Inspector Calls is written by J.B Priestley Essay The play, An Inspector Calls is written by J. B Priestley. It was written in 1945 and set in 1912, just before World War One. The play is all set in the Birling household in Bromley. In the play the Birlings and Gerald Croft are celebrating the engagement of Sheila Birling and Gerald. The are all celebrating in a self-satisfied way. Arthur Birling is telling Eric and Gerald about every man should be for himself and that everyone should look out for themselves and their families. There is a knock on the door and Inspector Goole bears the news of a young woman who died in an infirmary from drinking disinfectant. The Inspector slowly implicates all of the Birlings and Gerald into the suicide of the girl, Eva Smith. Mr. Birling fired Eva from her job, as she wanted a small pay-rise. Sheila got Eva fired from a job in Milwards by using her social power just because she was jealous of her. Gerald had met her and gave her a place to stay, but had then left her after a while. Eric had met her in a pub and then made love to her and got her pregnant; he then stole money from his father, Arthur to help support her. Mrs. Birling then turned Eva down from her help community and made sure no one else listened to Evas story. The Inspector made everyone confess to what they had done to contribute to Evas death. After the Inspector left, Arthur and Gerald realised that the Inspector wasnt really an Inspector. They all thought they were in the clear when the phone rang and the real police said there was a girl dead in an infirmary, and that the police were on there way to the Birling household for an interview. At that point the play ends. The structure is that it consists of three acts and it is set in real time, so the time it takes for story to unfold is the same time it takes the audience to watch the play. It also has a unity of place and action, so it is all in the same place (the Birling household) and so is the action. I think it is set like this to give the audience help in understanding the morality of the play, which is We are all members of one body, we are all responsible for each other. Priestleys main aims about responsibility is that he is saying everyone is responsible for everyone else, and that you cannot just care about yourself, the opposite of what Arthur Birling thinks. He demonstrates this by slowly making all the characters partly responsible for Evas death, and as a whole all the characters drove Eva to her death. So Priestley is teaching the characters a lesson as well as the audience watching. At the beginning of the play Priestley makes Arthur say a man has to mind his own business and look after himself but after the play the Inspector comes in Priestley contradicts what Arthur said by making all the characters partly responsible for Evas death. Priestley sets the play in real time so both the audience and characters can experience the feelings and emotions of the play at the same time. In the play, Priestley has made Arthur a man who believes in only looking out for yourself and your family only. Arthur makes out to be a man who can do as he pleases just because of his social and business position. Priestley also makes Arthur say things like -the Titanic- she sails next week-forty-six thousand eight hundred tons-New York in five days-and every luxury-and unsinkable Priestley made Arthur say this knowing full well that the Titanic was sinkable and did sink! I think Priestley is trying to make out about how wrong Arthur is on many aspects of life and that he is also wrong in thinking every man for himself.

Effect of Prefabrication Methods on Housing in the UK

Effect of Prefabrication Methods on Housing in the UK Would the Increasing Use of Prefabrication Methods in the Construction Industry Significantly Reduce the Housing Shortage Within the UK? Chapter 1 Problem Specification There is a widespread belief that a housing shortage exists in the UK. Although all regions are expected to see growth in household numbers, the greatest pressure will continue to be felt in Southern England (i.e. London, the South East, South West, and Eastern regions.) For example, the population of the South East region alone is expected to increase by 50,000 a year – about 1 million extra homes in the next twenty years or so. While 70% of population growth is in London and the south of England only about 50% of house building takes place there. The housing industry has in recent years been under severe pressure to meet the increasing population. For this reason the UK is presently suffering from a high housing shortage, which is likely to rise over the next 15 years, due to the high volumes of migrant workers from the EU and the increase in population. The total number of people living in the UK grows whenever there are more inward migrants than people leaving the country. International inward migration is a significant contributor to population growth. Recently the Government Actuary’s Department increased its figures for net inward migration to the United Kingdom from 95,000 to 135,000 people per year for the period to 2021. It is therefore necessary for the construction industry to dramatically increase production in house building in order to reduce the effect this shortage will have on the UK such as consequent impacts on house prices, conditions, overcrowding and homelessness. Despite the strong economy, housing production by both private developers and social housing providers has been falling. According to the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, the number of homes built during each of the past five years has remained static at 154,000. It is for this reason that house prices continue to soar. It is clear that the construction industry must build faster and more efficiently to meet the increasing needs of the UK housing market. The UK construction industry has been known for its lengths and costs in completing construction projects therefore leading to slower completion of developments. This is a wide spread problem that needs to be addressed for the housing demands to be met. Household projections, based on 1998 figures from the Government Actuary’s Department and past trends in household formation, suggest that between 1996 and 2021, England will need to accommodate an extra 4.3 million households. Estimates suggest that the backlog in 1996 was approximately 650,000 households. It seems likely that the figure has increased over the last five years because supply has not matched demand. There are difficulties within the UK construction industry to which attention has been drawn by the Latham and Egan reports. Structural, technical and cultural change in the years ahead may lead to a sector better able to respond to the demands upon it. With the use of better management techniques and the implementation of new technologies in new housing markets, projects lengths (i.e. Construction time) and costs could be significantly reduced. There are many ways of rapidly reducing completion time of construction. In this day and age these approaches are known as Modern Methods of Construction, such as prefabrication. A radical approach for cutting project time by using different techniques, such as off-site construction and factory conditions. Pre-fabricated homes – One area highlighted to improve the current situation by the Government and others within the industry, is that of off-site construction. Prefabrication was used to provide quick and cheap homes after the Second World War where nearly 160,000 homes were prefabricated, and is being proposed again as a solution for providing affordable homes. Off-site construction has made huge advances since the Second World War and even more over the last couple of decades, offering methods which have been proved to be quicker and cheaper than traditional house building methods. One of the major issues associated with prefabricated homes is the stigma attached to them, with many people seeing them as a poor alternative to traditional construction. A MORI poll in 2002 indicated that 90% of people would prefer to live in a traditional home rather than a prefabricated home, showing that the UK population along with the construction industry is still slightly reluctant to pl ace their faith in prefabricated homes. The benefits of prefabrication are well known, with off-site construction offering a controlled environment where building elements can be produced quicker than traditional methods, and at a supposedly lower cost. At its best, prefabrication can see some 40-week building programmes being reduced to 16 weeks, which if used on a wide scale could see rapid growth in the UK’s housing stock. There is also an advantage held within the factory environment, offering greater safety for workers than on-site and also the controlled environment makes it possible for a consistent, high quality finish to be achieved. With skills shortages on-site, the opportunity to produce standardised building elements in factories could also further improve standards and quality. Built in clean, efficient, factory conditions not in the often chaotic circumstances of construction sites, in unpredictable and inclement British weather – may make for higher standards, faster construction as well as a safer industry. Better procurement methods may mean less friction between clients, professionals and builders. Shortages of sufficiently skilled labour may also be remedied, to some extent, by factory. Therefore this method of construction could be seen as a potential solution to the housing shortage in the UK. Currently prefabrication is not a common approach for most contractors to use. The main reason for this is because off-site manufacture (OSM) of house building components currently has the capacity to produce around 40,000 homes a year, far short of the figure needed to meet official housing projections. As such, the Government is promoting pre-fabrication and off-site manufacturing techniques, looking to methods such as steel and timber frame to help solve the housing shortfall, particularly in relation to quality and site skills shortages. Even with prefabricated homes having been produced for the past 100 years, they are still relatively untested in the UK on a large scale, and therefore the verdict is still out on whether they are suited to the UK and its construction industry. There are already companies in the UK trying to build affordable housing by using off-site construction methods, such as BoKlok, Ikeas biggest idea yet. Having seized the market for affordable home furnish ings in the past decade, the Swedish retail giant is now planning to provide the homes themselves. Planning permission was approved for the first British BoKlok development: 36 flats in St James Village, Gateshead, due for completion within a year. More will follow many more, probably, since BoKlok is quick to build, energy efficient and aimed at households earning between  £15,000 and  £30,000 a year. Currently they tend to use more traditional methods, and therefore this issue has to be tackled to bring prefabricated construction further into the lime light of construction. The affordable housing sector represents a prime area of growth for the prefabricated buildings market. The benefits of rapid build times and the cost efficiencies resulting from the volume production of cellular units incorporated in the overall structure tend to result in affordable rents and value for money for the public housing sectors. A wide range of house builders such as Bellway, Westbury, Bovis, Lovell, Willmott Dixon etc, are using prefabricated buildings in affordable housing projects and their use has increased substantially during 2003-05. If every household is to have the opportunity of a decent home, some fundamental changes will be needed not just to the mechanisms we use to deliver new homes – with reforms to the effectiveness of our planning system and our house-building industry. In conclusion, the issue of housing shortage within the UK may become one of the most significant social and economical problems being faced over the next twenty years. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation is to explore whether the implementation and use of Prefabricated Construction on a wide spread scale could have a significant positive impact on the housing Shortage currently being seen in the UK. There is a concern that in a number of critical areas, the emerging policy framework is based on unrealistic assumptions. It is questionable whether it will in practice deliver the necessary supply of houses to meet the UK’s economic and social requirements over the next twenty years. Literature Review â€Å"Britain is heading for a property shortage of more than a million homes by 2022 unless the current rate of house building is dramatically increased, according to reports from the Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF).† The UK has been known for its shortage on housing over the past 10-15 years, and therefore there are many sources of literature relevant to the study. Such sources are Government Policies, reports, articles, books, surveys and case studies that outline the scale of the problem and give statistics, such as the number of homes that need to be built in order to relinquish this status in the UK. The shortage of housing is making house prices soar from year to year, making it much harder not only for general house buyers but especially for first time buyers. This issue does not seem to be focused on in any literature as there doesn’t seem to be any long term solutions for it, making this topic an ever growing problem. Government Report The Barker Report (2003) Review sets out a series of policy recommendations to address the lack of supply and responsiveness of housing in the UK. The report further goes on to outline a number of key factors which are to blame for the housing shortage, including the lack of houses being built as well as the extra provision of land by local authorities to make it viable for developers to achieve the build targets to decrease the housing shortage. The report argues that a UK housing Shortage is having widespread economic and social consequences. The government estimates that by 2016 there will be 3 million new UK households. It recently published the Sustainable Communities plan outlining a major new house building program to help meet the growth. The government is said to be encouraging Modern Methods of Construction, which it says can achieve â€Å"a step change in the construction industry to produce the quantity and quality of housing we need.† Housing completions are expected to steadily increase in the longer term in line with proposals and initiatives to address the general housing shortage, particularly the provision of more ‘affordable’ housing in key urban areas. However, a significant increase in completions is largely dependent on the overall economic environment, consumer confidence levels etc, in addition to land availability and the planning approvals process, which remains a key barrier to growth at present. While this was focused on in the Barker Review in 2004, house builders are reporting few improvements to date in the planning process and the availability of land for development is a key long term issue. On her follow up to the 2003 report, Barker 2004 states that planning authorities and processing of applications need to be improved, whilst also the availability of land is becoming increasingly harder. She pinpoints reforms to the planning system; incentives for local authorities to support development, and a higher turn around from the construction industry, including completing site developments as quick as possible. These issues need to be focused on as they are key elements that could be contributing to the current shortage in the housing market. Barker (2004) encouraged the government to change its planning policies to allow more houses to be built on Greenfield’s, as she claims at present there is not enough land available for the housing demand to be met. Barker also called for a substantial increase in productivity from the construction industry. She states in her review that to reduce the current rate of housing inflation from 2.4% to the EU average of 1.1%, an extr a 120,000 houses will need to be built per annum on top of the current output. The overall message from both Barker reports (2003/2004) is the clear need for more houses to be built in the UK, especially the large problem areas such as the South-East and London in order to become any closer to achieving larger number of homes available in the UK. However there are no recommendations on how it might be possible to reduce programme lengths and costs. This is a key area that needs to be identified within the dissertation. Mathiason (2003), already claimed that as long as inflation continues to rise, house builders will be under no obligation to build as they will be profiting from the land that they already own, as the price is ever increasing due to shortage. Perhaps the use of MMC and faster construction times would drive the developers to building on these lands, but they will never be fully implemented unless planning policies are also reviewed. Prior to the Barker review the Government drew up a Sustainable Communities Plan (OPDM, 2003) to tackle several issues, including the urgent requirement for affordable homes. The plan aims to set out a long term programme of action for delivering sustainable communities to both urban and rural areas. One of the vehicles highlighted for delivering these sustainable communities is off-site construction, with modern methods of construction earmarked for additional investment. It also suggests heavy investment in public transport and rail links in particular, to help with the decentralisation of London, which will combat the lack of available land and high demand for housing in the South east. The Sustainable Communities Plan (OPDM, 2003) also provides the Housing Corporation with an extra  £100m for its  £200m Challenge Fund for encouraging modern methods of construction. The Challenge Fund, run by the Housing Corporation offers incentives to developers using innovative methods for building communities. It is however, one of the only initiatives running to encourage the use of modern methods of construction. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2002a) predicted that Britain was heading for a housing shortage of more than a million homes by the year 2022. As well as launching Land for Housing, the report from a JRF Inquiry, the conference is debating Britain’s housing in 2022, the first in a series of working papers examining the long-term measures needed to tackle social disadvantage. Both warn that the impending housing crisis will hit hardest in London and the South. Although these regions contribute 70 per cent of the rising demand for new homes, only 50 per cent of new homes are currently being built there. By contrast, in the Midlands and the North, there are growing problems of low demand in some areas, and of empty and abandoned property. Lord Best, Director of the Joseph Rowntree Foundation and author of the working paper, said: â€Å"We estimate that the difference between housing demand and supply will have widened into a yawning gap of 1.1 million homes in England alone by 2022: most of it in London and the South East. This genuinely shocking statistic shows why the time has come for policy makers to recognise that a plentiful supply of new and affordable homes is of the greatest importance the nation’s future health and prosperity.† AMA Research has published the Fifth Edition of the â€Å"House building Market UK 2006†. Recent changes in the overall housing market and corporate activity amongst house builders have renewed interest in the house building market. The fifth edition of this report focuses on the recent developments in this specific sector along with the characteristics and corporate activity of the leading suppliers to the sector. The report provides information on national and regional suppliers within the house building market and provides a comprehensive review of the major aspects of the new house building sector. Off-site construction has a reputation of producing drab, uncharacteristic boxes for homes within the UK population. However, the face of prefabricated homes has changed for the better with Dyckhoff (2003) commenting that they have been transformed into the speedy, affordable loft-style saviour of Britain’s housing market. What the literature above demonstrates is that there is a clearly growing problem with the housing market. Shortage of housing is increasing and still nothing has been pinpointed as the route cause, this seems to be an ever growing problem and a clear solution has not been found. Certain claims made by authors in previous articles and reports will need to be looked into for there validity, so that a clearer understanding can be brought across as to the route cause. In conclusion to the above, this dissertation will therefore be focusing on the following Research question: Methodology It is necessary to begin the dissertation by looking into the theoretical ideas behind the emergence of the shortage in the housing market. It is important to ensure that key information and research is collected using different methods of gathering data. Collecting relevant data will continue to develop my understanding of the housing Shortage in the UK and will overall develop the strength and success of the dissertation. The data collected will also suggest whether any previous attempts have been made to tackle this problem, and if so, are there any solutions that have already been put forward. The opening chapter will focus on the time where non-traditional constructions methods were called for. Special attention is given to how the Government and Local Authorities acted at the time. This will help in developing an understanding of when Modern Methods where first used and the reasons why they came about, which will follow on into the next chapter. Acknowledging the reasons for there use, and developing a detailed background on the housing sector, Chapter 3 analyses the state of the current housing market and the scale of shortage being experienced. Taking into account the Joseph Rowntree Foundation and its perceptions for the next twenty years, I will look into how many new homes are required to be built over the next coming years so as to rectify the current issue. This section will be implemented with the use of surveys, and data collected over the years that show the current yearly house building rate, and the prospective increase needed. I will also be taking into account the population increase due to migrant influx, higher number of divorce rate, higher life expectancy, and the birth rate. This information can be compared with the projected number of houses being built so that I can get an idea of possible key issues that are contributing to housing shortage. In conclusion this dissertation will focus on comparing the findings between traditional and modern methods of construction, which in whole will then be applied to the housing Shortage and possible methods of rectifying the problem. As well as comparing these methods of construction, it is also necessary to ascertain whether or not house builders today are building at their optimum rate. Once this is identified, the potential advantages of the scheme can then be applied to the rate at which they could be working. This will identify the possible gains from using MMC, and whether or not a significant reduction in house shortage can be adapted from this approach to construction. Chapter 2 Background Research Two features dominate the history of housing in Britain in the 20th century: state intervention in the mass production of housing for the working class, and the prolific suburban expansion of towns and cities. To some extent, the two overlap, but both emerged from a situation at the beginning of the century, when housing provision and quality of life had failed to keep up with the frantic pace of Victorian industrial development. Before the 1890s, the dire state of working-class housing had been improved by trusts and societies, who produced grim but safe and sanitary tenements, and there was little direct state intervention. The 1890 Housing Act empowered local authorities to purchase and demolish slum dwellings, and re-house their inhabitants. At the end of the First World War, there was an acute housing shortage. Beginning with Lloyd Georges Homes Fit for Heroes policy, four million new homes were built during the interwar period, 1.5 million of them directly by local councils or with the aid of state subsidy. During the war construction projects came to a halt, progressively worsening the housing shortage that had already existed before the war. The government already set plans to reconstruct and renovate sub-standard housing that where out dated, this and many other projects where all affected. 1919 brought in the â€Å"Town and Country Planning Act† which imposed obligation on local authorities to plan housing provision for their local towns. During the same period, given the situation of materials and skilled labour shortage, the local government board appointed a standardisation and new methods of construction committees to consider the question of standardisation in regard to materials, structural fitting and methods of construction (BRE, 1987). Bye-laws were also modified to allow the wider use of non traditional methods and materials (Ley, 2000). As well as this many other institutes, including British Research Satiation which has now become British Research Establishments, were also founded under the governments initiative to look for and trial new alternative materials and methods (Davenport, 1990). Between the First World War and Second World War various types of housing systems (prefab) were approved by the committees. At first, pressure applied to local authorities to provide houses in such a short space of time, with no direct incentive to economies, would encourage the use of those new methods regardless of their costs. However, detailed arrangements of subsidies changed several times after 1921 (Cornish and Clark, 1989) and local authorities could no longer disregard cost factor when considering new developments. In addition, the materials and skilled labour for the traditional construction methods came back on stream sooner than the government initially expected. As a result, construction of houses using new methods had virtually ceased by 1928 (Yates, 2001). The main contribution of the attempt was, therefore, providing a small number of additional houses, probably less than 250,000, compared to the total 4,500,000 buildings erected between 1919 and 1938 (Ross, 2002). The economic depression of the 1930s slowed the pace of house building, but the Second World War caused much greater damage: by 1945 nearly half a million homes had been destroyed, a quarter of a million were seriously damaged, and another three million suffered lesser damage. The immediate crisis was partly met by the rapid construction of 125,000 cheap pre-fabricated homes, but it was followed by a housing boom that equalled and exceeded that of the 1920s. As previously discussed in Chapter 1, after the world wars had ended in the UK and between the early 1950’s and late 60’s the construction industry experienced an extreme shortage within the housing sector which led to a great need of re-building. Due to the extremities the war created, traditional build was not an efficient enough method, leading to the introduction and use of Mass Production Methods. Following the Second World War there was an even greater demand for the rapid construction of dwellings. In 1942, well before the war had ceased, the government had appointed the Burt Committee which brought together people from different parts of the building industry, government departments and building research station (Bullock, 2001). The aim of the committee was to seek alternative materials and methods of construction suitable for the building of houses and flats, having regard to efficiency, economy and build ability, to be able to make recommendations for the post -war program. Post-War, the government planned new construction projects for the redevelopment of the housing sector, one of which was the development of 500,000 new dwellings with a completion time of 2 years (Davenport 1990). In the twelve years after the war, two and a half million new dwellings were constructed, three-quarters of them by local authorities. However, the construction of new housing was outpaced by the decay of existing housing stock. By 1963, 3 million people were still living in substandard housing, and official housing policy moved once again towards slum clearance and redevelopment. Prefabricated housing has been used in the UK during periods of high demand, such as after the World Wars and during the slum clearances of the 1960s. In total about 1 million prefabricated homes were built during the 20th century, many of which were designed to be temporary. However, problems arose over the quality of building materials and poor workmanship, leading to negative public attitudes towards prefabrication. Nevertheless it has continued to be used in the UK for hospitals, hotels and schools, as well as for housing in other countries. Although this is the case, prefabrication must be used in greater quantities widely, merely to see if it can make a difference to the housing shortage currently being experienced within the UK. MMC is a new term intended to reflect technical improvements in prefabrication, encompassing a range of on and off-site construction methods. The 20th century saw an enormous improvement in everyday housing conditions. Even in the early 21st century, local authorities are demolishing remaining high-rise blocks to make way for low-rise, high-density housing. During the early 60’s the Government set up the national building agency in order to urge local authorities to take up industrial system building (Rovetz, 2001). Local Governments and the Ministry of Housing also held a series of conferences to encourage and support industrial prefabricated system building in the mid 60’s (Jones, 2000). Additionally under the Housing Subsidy Act 1956, the arrangement of subsidies was changed in order that local authorities could receive more subsidies per flat if they built higher blocks of flats. The arrangement of this progressive height subsidy was abolished in the 1969 Housing Act. By the end of the 60’s, both high-rise and industrialised system building lost ground in the construction industry. Chapter 3 The Housing Shortage at Present â€Å"Britain is heading for a property shortage of more than a million homes by 2022 unless the current rate of house building is dramatically increased† according to reports from the Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF). There are a series of short and long-term factors playing their part. The government wants to steady the UKs runaway housing market, and end its boom and break housing cycles. House prices in the UK have almost doubled since 1995 and many people are now unable to get a footing onto the housing ladder. There is also a lack of affordable or social housing. This problem of high house prices is compounded by the shortage of houses being built. In 2001 house building fell to its lowest level since 1924 excluding the war years and its immediate aftermath. New housing accounts for less than 10% of residential property transactions in England and Wales compared to 40% in 1965. The circumstances are likely to get worse before they get better. According to estimates, there are between 220,000 and 230,000 new households being formed annually (OPDM). Yet, only 165,000 homes were built in the year of 2002. If this was the case 5-6 years ago, then how is the housing shortage coping now? The population is increasing, while the average size of households is declining. This is caused by a range of demographic factors, such as increasing life expectancy, and more divorces. All in all, it adds more pressure to housing supply. The report lays much of the blame at door of the UKs planning authorities. Many who have tried and failed to obtain planning permission in recent years may echo the reports findings that the system is complex and takes an unacceptably long time. All in all, the report calculated that refusals for planning permissions in major housing developments increased from just 15% in 1996-1999 to 25% in 2002. The report also points out that if house building was to take-off in the UK skills shortages are likely to come into play. At present more than eight out of ten construction firms report skill shortages even modest growth would require 70,000 new workers the report concludes. As a result thousands of badly needed homes are not being built. However, at this stage the report makes no recommendations as to how the planning process can be quickened up. Housing shortages are set to become one of the most significant social issues of the next 20 years. Unless we act now, shortages will lead to overcrowding and homelessness. But they will also have knock-on effects for the whole of society, driving up house prices in areas of high demand, inhibiting economic growth and making it harder for good quality public services to be delivered. Property insiders, politicians and young people looking for homes in Britains thriving cities are united on one point: the country is in the grip of a serious housing shortage. But opinions are widely divided when it comes to placing the blame for a situation where, according to the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, the number of homes built during each of the past five years has remained static at 154,000, with the number of low-cost â€Å"social† houses being built falling from 16,999 in 2000-2001 to 13,601 in 2002-2003. As the buck is passed between housing professionals, planners, builders and the government, first-time buyers are left desperately trying get on the property ladder. â€Å"Slow planning is stifling. The government says councils should decide on most planning applications for 10 or more new houses within a maximum of eight weeks. But only 16% of decisions come in that time,† (House Builders Federation, HBF), which accuses councils in the north of England of deliberately preventing new homes from being built. The councils say that they already have enough new homes under construction, but the HBF disagrees. The Barker Review of Housing Supply was commissioned by the chancellor, Gordon Brown, to discover why Britain, the world’s fourth wealthiest economy, has a housing shortage with property prices beyond the reach of many. House building is at its lowest level since 1924; the gap between supply and demand widens by 60,000 annually — an average of 219,000 new households is created each year through longer lifespan, more solo-living from choice and an increasing divorce rate — and will exceed 1.1m in England by 2020; and the number of low-cost homes being built for housing association tenants is lower than at any time since 1995. Meanwhile, the government targets for about 225,000 new homes each year until 2016. The HBF says there is excessive public consultation and claims councils want ever-higher cash payments to improve the infrastructure in return for planning permission. It also says planners want so much social housing that it threatens the economi